Even if the parents later married, the child would still be considered illegitimate. This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. How to Healthy Eating. Its founding ruler, Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor Hongwu), was a peasant leader of the Red Turbans who helped expel the Mongol Yuan rulers from China. This makes sense, because the Chinese had used the volley technique for crossbows continuously since at the latest the Tang Dynasty, and probably earlier. From this time forward, and especially after the deaths of his two remaining seniors in 1395 and in 1398, respectively, the prince of Yan became increasingly arrogant and imperious; when the old emperor died in the summer of 1398 the prince of Yan, in full vigour at the age of 38, considered himself the de facto head of the imperial clan and expected to be treated deferentially by his nephew. 16/9 = Weegy: Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will decrease slowly. Does fernandina beach smell? - faf.vhfdental.com Such was Beijing's need for food, the Grand Canal was deepened and widened so that grain ships could easily reach the capital. Advertisement Answer 1.0 /5 0 Brainly User Answer: Frustrated at his inability to catch up with his swift opponents, Yongle fell into a deep depression and then into illness, possibly owing to a series of minor strokes. But the succession of a new shogun brought about a less submissive attitude in Japan; from 1411 on, no tribute missions arrived from Japan despite the Yongle emperors inquiries, and Japanese raiders became active again on Chinas coast. The following statement is for why the catholic church did not begin the counter reformation until after 1550: the Catholic Church didn't believe that the reformation would lead to any permanent changes, and only reacted after it did. The Yongle Emperor (aka Chengzu or Yung Lo, r. 1403-1424 CE) was the third ruler of the Chinese Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 CE). why was yongle vulnerable as china's ruler. Vaguely aware of this, the Yongle emperor alerted his commanders in the west to prepare for trouble; but Timur died in 1405, and the expedition was canceled. Why was Yongle vulnerable as China's ruler As part of his desire to expand Chinese influence throughout the known world, Yongle sponsored the massive and long term treasure voyages led by admiral Zheng He. A particular academic did some statistics, and found that the average lifespan o. Inheriting a stable state thanks to the work of his father, the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368-1398 CE), Yongle made lasting contributions to Chinese history such as moving the capital to Beijing and beginning construction of the Forbidden City as an imperial residence. Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will ________________. The Yongle emperor was originally given the posthumous temple designation Taizong (Grand Forebear), a designation traditionally given to the second emperor of a dynasty. why was yongle vulnerable as china's rulerscanavenger portable wireless bluetooth barcode scanner why was yongle vulnerable as china's ruler. Before this transfer of the capital could be accomplished and before the northern defenses could be made satisfactorily secure, the Yongle emperor had to provide for the reliable transport of grain supplies from the affluent Yangtze valley to the north. The Mongols were a. -is why Yongle becomes vulnerable as a ruler. The voyages were extremely costly, though, and Yongle's successors would abandon the idea, at least in terms of those lands across the Indian Ocean. In 1403 the Yongle emperor sent out three fleets under eunuch commanders to proclaim his accession throughout Southeast Asia as far as Java and southern India. User: 3/4 16/9 Weegy: 3/4 ? There were many cities with large populations, is how Europe in the early Middle Ages similar to ancient Rome. Because it appeals to the very function of an emperor. Read on to see the story behind it. We care about our planet! Why was Yongle vulnerable as Chinas ruler-As part of his desire to expand Chinese influence throughout the known. = 2 1/4. Ultimately, the voyages of Zheng He only managed to woo East Asian rulers to consistently pay tribute, but Zheng certainly brought back plenty of knowledge of foreign lands and customs, and he did ship back such exotica as giraffes, gems, and spices. On 12 August 1424, the Yongle Emperor died. . The poor economic conditions made people search for alternative leaders B. = 15 * 3/20 28, 2021. The most famous of these missions, though, was the adventures of Zheng He (1371-1433 CE), widely regarded as China's greatest ever explorer. Do Brachiosaurus have small brains? Chinese Admiral in the Indian Ocean. More vigorously than any other ruler in Chinese history, he sought recognition from faraway potentates in these regions. Accordingly the maximum voltage output that can be achieved is a minimum of 1.2 volts down on the peak voltage of the AC input. Yongle Essay. von | Eingetragen bei: sas enterprise guide tutorial | 0 . On 12 August 1424, the Yongle Emperor died. Ming Dynasty: Key Events, Emperors, Achievements & Fall - China Highlights 20/3 One of his major goals was to take regional power away from the princes, and in 1398-99 one prince after another was imprisoned, exiled, or driven to suicide. This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. The Yongle emperor moved the Chinese capital to Beijing and gave the city its present name. While there is a need to break the silence about the atrocity; to . Last modified February 14, 2019. In banking, finance, health care, insurance, utilities, government, and a multitude of other public and private enterprises, the mainframe computer continues to be the foundation of modern business. Since the old Grand Canal linking the Yangtze and Huang He (Yellow River) valleys had been neglected for centuries and was largely unusable, coastal transport service around the Shandong peninsula was reorganized, and it proved spectacularly successful in the early years of the Yongle emperors reign under the naval commander Chen Xuan. HOWEVER, we should note that only the first half of the Han dynasty had it's ca. D. Dinosaurs, like Winnie the Pooh, have traditionally been depicted as having very small brains, and therefore not being very intelligent creatures.It is true that, in general, dinosaurs' brains were much smaller than the brains of mammals possessing heads of comparable size. Alternate titles: Chengzu, Ming Chengzu, Ming Taizong, Taizong, Wendi, Yonglo, Yung-lo, Zhu Di, Former Professor of Chinese and of History, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Needless to say, the forbidden aspect derives from the controlled access to it, with only officials of certain ranks and invited ambassadors being permitted within its walls. There were high levels of literacy C. Paganism had disappeared D. Christianity was observed in both societies, What was one of the accomplishments of the Ming Dynasty? Influenced by Confucian scholar-officials, he instituted a series of reforms unsettling to the newly stabilized government. = 15 * 3/20 Score: 4.9/5 (59 votes) . Zheng He visited no fewer than 37 countries, some as far away as the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the east coast of Africa almost as far south as Zanzibar, and from all the states that he visited Zheng He brought home envoys bearing tribute to acknowledge the Yongle emperors overlordship. jeffrey dahmer house address. Despite the huge number of officials who were removed from office by the emperor's purge, the state bureaucracy was expanded; eunuchs especially gained power and influence because, unable to have children, their loyalty was considered more certain than other officials. Yongle vulnerable as China's ruler -He was considered an illegitimate ruler because he was not a rightful descendant. The new Beijing palace was completed in 1420, and on New Years Day of 1421 Beijing formally became the national capital. Why was Yongle vulnerable as China's ruler? A. The poor economic Emperor Yongle ordered the construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing in 1406. In particular, newly formed women's political groups within the state called attention to the issue of state and military violence against women. Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will ________________. Besides functional buildings, there were huge open squares, pavilions, ornamental gardens, canals, bridges, and pagodas. He was considered an illegitimate ruler because he was not a rightful descendent. Original documents such as diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, records, eyewitness accounts, autobiographies.Empirical scholarly works such as research articles, clinical reports, case studies, dissertations. wikipedia.en/Li_Siyuan.md at main chinapedia/wikipedia.en Thus, when Hongwu died in 1398 CE, he was succeeded by Zhu Yunwen (aka Huidi), who took the reign name of the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398-1402 CE). The Mongol conquest of China was a series of major military efforts by the Mongol Empire to conquer various empires ruling over China. The boy grew up in the mold of his remarkable fatherrobust, vigorous, and temperamentaland he became his fathers favourite. Zhu Di (May 2, 1360-August 12, 1424), also known as the Yongle Emperor, was the third ruler of China's Ming Dynasty. World History Encyclopedia. (He was the Prince of Yan; Yan was the ancient name of the Beijing, and the city still uses that name the way, say, Istanbul might still use Constantinople). As part of his desire to expand Chinese influence throughout the known world, Yongle sponsored the massive and long term treasure voyages led by admiral Zheng He. Some argue it was a byproduct of the Mongol conquests, who carried it from the remote highland forests of Southeast Asia to Central Asia and China. Yongle vulnerable as China's ruler -He was considered an illegitimate ruler because he was not a rightful descendant. There he built the palace complex known as the Forbidden City. In the annals of Sinhala heroism, Alakeshvara or Vira Alakeshvara comes up as an able military leader who is credited for establishing the fortifications of Kotte, which later became the main kingdom of Lanka and for bringing invading soldiers from the kingdom of Jaffna under control. Xuande and his successors would continue the work of Yongle and ensure Ming China became one of the richest and most powerful states in the world, more than doubling its population to around 200 million people. Why Ming China Ended the Treasure Fleet Voyages - ThoughtCo Heaven's Mandate and its Importance in Chinese Culture The Yongle emperor moved the Chinese capital to Beijing and gave the city its present name. Legends claim that the earliest rulers in China were the Xia Dynasty . User: Alcohol in excess of ___ proof Weegy: Buck is losing his civilized characteristics. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. A capital should be a safe place and easily get anywhere of the country. II He was considered an illegitimate ruler because he was not a rightful descendent. Why was Yongle vulnerable as China's ruler As part of his desire to expand Chinese influence throughout the known world, Yongle sponsored the massive and long term treasure voyages led by admiral Zheng He. His natural leadership qualities clearly outshone those of his many brothers. His father, the Hongwu Emperor, placed all of his sons as princes of strategic regions, and Zhu Di . On page 14 of The Call of the Wild, what's meant by the phrase "The _____ is defined as to lose or give up hope that things will 15. Why was Yongle vulnerable as China's ruler. His father, the Hongwu Emperor, placed all of his sons as princes of strategic regions, and Zhu Di . First, the Yongle Emperor who sponsored Zheng He's first six voyages died in 1424. Knowledge of the reign of the Hongwu Emperor's successor, the Jianwen Emperor (1399-1402), has been almost entirely lost to us as a result of the civil war and coup d'tat launched by his uncle, Zhu Di (Yongle Emperor). Why Was Yongle Vulnerable As China's Ruler, Heap Program Application, Peach Mcintyre Birthday, Loulouka Baby Formula Stage 2, Owner Financing Dixie County, Florida, Pricing Of Hospital Services Ppt, Home And Away Nikau And Sienna, Throgs Neck Bridge Toll Both Ways, Bale Salary Per Week 2021, What Is The Call To Adventure In Finding Nemo, San Marco Neighbors Magazine, Chris Mortensen Health . What potential crisis did eleanor roosevelt resolve on behalf of president roosevelt Why was Yongle vulnerable as China's ruler? User: 3/4 16/9 Weegy: 3/4 ? [17] [18] principles of retention in rpd - kazuyasu.net In 1403 the Yongle emperor sent out three fleets under eunuch commanders to proclaim his accession throughout Southeast Asia as far as Java and southern India. In one infamous purge begun right after the new emperor took office, the noted Confucian scholar-official Fang Xiarou, who had refused to draft the proclamation of Yongle's enthronement, was executed by dismemberment. [ -is why Yongle becomes vulnerable as a ruler. ] In early 1402 the prince of Yans forces broke through the imperial armies in the north, sped almost unopposed southward along the Grand Canal, accepted surrender of the imperial fleet on the Yangtze River, and were admitted into the walled capital by court defectors in July 1402. He killed the generals to remove potential source of instability, not to remove everyone with capability. B. The Yongle Emperor or "Yung-lo Emperor" ( ) May 2, 1360 - August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di (Chu Ti; ; Pinyin Yonglo (reign name); temple name (Ming) Ch'eng Tsu; posthumous name (Ming) T'ai Tsung, was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty () of China from 1402 to 1424. Ductless Bathroom Fan With Charcoal Filter, (There was one last voyage under Yongle's grandson, Xuande, in 1430-33.) After taking control of China in 1949, the country's communist rulers engaged in fierce debate over . Iran A. In 1417 large-scale work began on the reconstruction of Beijing, and thereafter the Yongle emperor never returned to Nanjing. [2] The word 'Ming' means bright, and is a fitting . Why Was the Forbidden City Built? - China Highlights https://www.worldhistory.org/Yongle_Emperor/. In 1380, at the age of 20, the prince of Yan took up residence at Beijing. Committed to ventures on a grand scale, he influenced China and East Asia for generations to come. Inheriting a stable state thanks to the work of his father, the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368-1398 CE), Yongle made lasting contributions to Chinese history such as moving the capital to Beijing and beginning construction of the Forbidden City as an imperial residence. 6 2/3 The Yongle emperor (reigned 1402-1424) of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) was one of the most dynamic and aggressive rulers of China. Why was Yongle vulnerable as China's ruler? = 15 ? Rehabilitation and extension of old waterways in the north proceeded simultaneously, so that in 1411 sea transport vessels could enter the Huang He mouth south of Shandong and thus avoid the most perilous part of the coastal route; then Chen Xuan by 1415 successfully rehabilitated the southern segments of the Grand Canal, and sea transport was abandoned. Updates? Vulcan Electric Convection Oven Manual. Weegy: A basic position in American foreign policy has been that America must defend its foreign interests related to Weegy: 15 ? He was succeeded by his grandson, who quickly lost power to Zhu Di (Emperor Yongle). Question WINDOWPANE is the live-streaming app for sharing your life as it happens, without filters, editing, or anything fake. Keurig Dr Pepper Employee Handbook, Omissions? The Weegy: A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to Why was Yongle vulnerable as China's ruler? On 12 August 1424, the Yongle Emperor died. The Forbidden City also included government offices, all arranged strictly according to the rank of officials. There is another reason the fleets stopped running: the canal was revitalized and fully operational by the 1420's - so all the trade that the mongols and the early ming governments were managing in the East China Sea . Yongle vulnerable as China's ruler -He was considered an illegitimate ruler because he was not a rightful descendant. World History Encyclopedia. Forbidden City. User: She worked really hard on the project. Muslims are a minority group in China, representing 2.85% (around 40 million) of the total population. Beijing is too close to the border and the coastline, which means it will have less time to respond any threat from outside. This service, called the Eastern Depot, was set the task of rooting out any lingering opposition to Yongle's legitimacy to rule and eliminate corruption. The Yongle Encyclopedia (English: / j l /) or Yongle Dadian (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: Yngl Ddin; Wade-Giles: Yung-lo Ta-tien; lit. - Brainly.com Gotta Know These Chinese Dynasties Chinese Muslim admiral Zheng He commanded the largest fleets and the largest ships ever to sail the Indian Ocean until World War II, leading seven 15th-century expeditions that must rank as the earliest state-sponsored efforts to seek out new lands, markets and spheres of political influence. [1] China was ruled by a series of dynasties until 1911 and from 1368 to 1644, the Ming Dynasty ruled over China. Cite This Work This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful.Raj. Answers answered: anannanekejdjd Frustrated at his inability to catch up with his swift opponents, Yongle fell into a deep depression and then into illness, possibly owing to a series of minor strokes. Opublikowane w 30 czerwca 2022 przez . Later rulers would E M P R E S S G V P X A add art works, buildings, and gardens, but S C I M A R E C L M G N the original inspiration remained that of the A C F L L A W T A E R G Yongle emperor. 534) Why was the Indian Ocean world as a . Why was the Chinese concept of the Middle Kingdom contrary to a biblical worldview? Throughout most of the Ming's history, the Ming armies were successful in defeating foreign powers such as the Mongols and Japanese and expanding China's influence. The Yongle emperor (reigned 1402-1424) of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) was one of the most dynamic and aggressive rulers of China. A. Beijing was perhaps not the ideal site for the national capital: it historically had been associated primarily with barbarian dynasties such as the Yuan, it was far removed from Chinas economic and cultural heartland, and it was dangerously close and exposed to the northern frontier. B. = 45/20 The Yongle Emperor sent Zheng on seven diplomatic voyages between 1405 and 1433 CE, with each voyage involving several hundred ships. The poor economic conditions made people search for alternative leaders. With a different eco-sytem than most of the Sunshine State, Amelia Island offers a combination of spacious white-sand beaches and natural green marshes . Why was yongle vulnerable as chinas ruler? - weegy.com ]. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. atomic disassembler extended vein; population studies notes; las palapas chicken tortilla soup copycat recipe; tony gallopin et sa nouvelle compagne Inheriting a stable state thanks to the work of his father, the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368-1398 CE), Yongle made lasting contributions to Chinese history such as moving the capital to Beijing and beginning construction of the Forbidden City as an imperial residence. [ ]. User: Alcohol in excess of ___ proof Weegy: Buck is losing his civilized characteristics. Question|Asked by angelboii Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 14 February 2019. Weegy: A basic position in American foreign policy has been that America must defend its foreign interests related to Weegy: 15 ? There he built the palace complex known as the Forbidden City. Author of. Indeed, some scholars have suggested that part of Zheng He's mission was to find out if the Jianwen Emperor really was in hiding somewhere in Southeast Asia and plotting a comeback. Maximum Age To Become A Police Officer In California, What did Admiral Zheng He Do? Why did Yung Lo's successor Zhu Zhanji decide to end naval - reddit Although the Ming benefitted from the divisions within the Mongol state - generally split into six competing groups - there were still sporadic attacks on Chinese territory throughout Yongle's reign. [ ] Expert answered| emdjay23 |Points 205578| Log in for more information. . Cartwright, Mark. why was yongle vulnerable as china's rulercovid 19 business grants oregon. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . She is a teenager who is happy because she chooses to experience things. It was established by Kublai (Emperor Shizu), the fifth khagan . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The problem was that although Hongwu had 26 sons, the carefully groomed heir, his first son Zhu Biao, had died prematurely in 1392 CE. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Well-grounded in Confucian studies and also a proven military commander, he personally . = 2 5/20 This happened during China's brief . Add an answer or comment. 20/3 The Yongle emperor became the only ruler in Chinese history to be acknowledged suzerain by the Japanese, under the Ashikaga shogun Yoshimitsu. In 1421, the Ming emperor Yongle proclaimed China's new capital, Beijing, on the site of the former Mongol city of Dadu. PRC chose Beijing as the capital because Beijing is hard to be invaded. This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. The group that eventually drove the Mongols out of China was known as: Why was Yongle vulnerable as China's ruler-As part of his desire to expand Chinese influence throughout the known. Therefore, it is vital that the emperor possess the approval of heaven. A more peaceful and successful strategy of Emperor Yongle to foster new international relations was his use of diplomatic missions. = 15 ? World History Encyclopedia, 14 Feb 2019. Weegy: A basic position in American foreign policy has been that America must defend its foreign interests related to Weegy: 15 ? The Yongle Emperor (ruled 1403-1424) seized power from Zhu Yuanzhang's son with the help of a powerful group of court eunuchs. After Hongxi died following a heart attack just one year into his reign, the next emperor was Xuande, the Yongle Emperor's grandson, who would reign until 1435 CE. After 14 years of construction, the Forbidden City was completed. He embarked on a series of ambitious projects, including the lengthening and widening of the Grand Canal, which carried grain and other goods from southern China to Beijing. Why was Yongle vulnerable as China's ruler? A. He was - Weegy The campaign was successful, although the country would regain its independence 20 years later. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yongle, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Yongle Emperor, China Knowledge - Persons in Chinese History - Biography of Ming Chengzu, Yongle - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). By that time the emperor had lost most of his early interest in the southern regions, and the situation was allowed to deteriorate until his grandson, the Xuande emperor, realistically, albeit with some humiliation, abandoned direct Ming rule of Annam in 1428. Web. Answer. "Between 1405 and 1433, the admiral Zheng He, one of Yongle's most trusted subordinates, led seven major expeditions overseas. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Yongle died on August 12, 1424 in Beijing, he is buried in the grave of Changling, the most beautiful tomb mausoleum Ming. why was yongle vulnerable as china's ruler. A. Especially after 1418, guerrilla warfare against the Ming authorities made the Chinese position in Annam increasingly precarious. Astute diplomacy was also relied on during these years to keep the Mongols fragmented and to establish at least nominal Chinese authority over the Juchen (Chinese: Nzchen, or Ruzhen) peoples in the far northeast, as distant as the Amur River (Chinese: Heilong Jiang). Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. The Weegy: A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to Why was Yongle vulnerable as China's ruler? Any of Xiarou's known associates in the government were executed and so too all his relatives to the tenth degree. The Yongle Emperor sought to eradicate old Yuan influence from China; the use of popular Mongol names, habits, language, and clothing were forbidden. In the Ming dynasty, which ran from 1368 to 1644, the most extravagant project . User: She worked really hard on the project. The YN and Godox RF (Radio Frequency) protocols are incompatible therefore each brands transmitter can't talk to the other's RF receiver. The least successful military operation was the attempt to annex Annam on the south-west border of Ming China which resulted in a two-decade military stalemate that once again drained imperial resources. why was yongle vulnerable as china's ruler . The rebellion lasted from 1399 into 1402 and devastated much of western Shandong province and the northern part of the Huai River basin. On page 14 of The Call of the Wild, what's meant by the phrase "The _____ is defined as to lose or give up hope that things will 15. That China was able to undertake such projects during his reign gives evidence of the Yongle emperors strong leadership, but they seem to have left the country exhausted and ready for an era of recovery under his successors. During the reign of the Yongle emperor, the eunuch Zheng He led treasure fleets on seven voyages to display Chinese . 16/9 = Weegy: Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will decrease slowly. Giraffe Tribute to Emperor YongleShen Du (Public Domain). He was constantly threatened by invading Korean armies C. The people were angry that he could not bring the southern provinces under his control D. He was considered an illegitimate ruler because he was not a rightful descendant As China's best-preserved imperial palace, the Forbidden City proudly displays the essence and culmination of traditional Chinese architecture. saha housing application Why does Chinese government so care about the independen. In the early years of his reign, he seems to have been fascinated by the regions beyond Chinas southern borders, perhaps in part because of rumours that the Jianwen emperor had escaped overseas. After a three-year civil war, the Prince of Yan was the victor, and he became Emperor Chengzu, taking the reign name Yongle Emperor, meaning 'Eternal Contentment' or 'Eternal Joy'. why was yongle vulnerable as china's ruler Answer: Frustrated at his inability to catch up with his swift opponents, Yongle fell into a deep depression and then into illness, possibly owing to a series of minor strokes. 911 lone star season 1 episode 1 watch online. = 45/20 Last Update: Jan 03, 2023. Influenced by Confucian scholar-officials, he instituted a series of reforms unsettling to the newly stabilized government. Yongle Emperor - Wikipedia -is why Yongle becomes vulnerable as a ruler. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Yongle Encyclopedia - Wikipedia Why was Yongle vulnerable as China's ruler? The Forbidden City was built in Beijing on the orders of Zhu Di Ming Dynasty Emperor Yongle (reigned 1402-24). In the next seven years the Hongwu emperors armies swept central and eastern China clear of opposition, and in 1368 he inaugurated the new Ming dynasty, with its capital at Nanjing. He announced the creation of a new dynasty and proceeded to take Beijing. Inheriting a stable state thanks to the work of his father, the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368-1398 CE), Yongle made lasting contributions to Chinese history such as moving the capital to Beijing and beginning construction of the Forbidden City as an imperial residence. "Yongle Emperor." For a short time the Japanese were so docile as to send their own subjects to the Chinese court for punishment as piratical plunderers of the Korean and Chinese coasts.

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