EPUB2 (Universal) - 12.98. Maps are essential for any serious Bible study. In Egyp. In his 31st he defeated Rim-Sin of Larsa, following this up, in his 32nd, by overthrowing the army of Asnunnak. A still stronger argument, however, is drawn from the general topographical and geological conditions. The elephant, wild ass, wild ox and ostrich are no longer to be found on the Chaldeo-Elamite plain, but a few examples of the lion still exist there. B. When the nation of Judah was finally taken into exile to Babylonia, Nebuchadnezzar carried off the devoted things of the Lord's temple and placed them in a temple to the god he worshipped ( Daniel 1:1-2 ). Seven years later one of his own officials, Ur-Nammu, governor of Ur, took the titles King of Sumer and Akkad and inaugurated the third dynasty of Ur (2113-2006 b.c.) Use. By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from Bible Gateway, a division of The Zondervan Corporation, 3900 Sparks Drive SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA, including commercial communications and messages from partners of Bible Gateway. <> In the 2nd (so-called Median or Scythian) version of the late Persian inscriptions this name is given as Hapirti, Halpirti, and Haltupirti, and appears as the equivalent of the Babylonian Elammat (Elamtu) or Elam without the nominative ending. [1] The verse in Genesis reads: "And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar " ( KJV) Historical scholarship proposed candidate locations for the city of "Calneh", but . Kudur-Nanchunde, the Elamite king, plundered the city, and carried off the statue of the goddess Nanaa, which was only restored to its place by Assur-bani-apli, the Assyrian king, about 635 B.C. No sooner had the Assyrian army departed, than the new king of Elam began to plot against the power which had raised him. Temperament of the Inhabitants of ElamLITERATURE1. The royal graves found at Ur belong to this dynasty and bear witness to the wealth of this time. Where Was the Tower of Babel and What Was Its Significance? - Crosswalk.com When it is prepared, she will be set there in her own place. Delitzsch, Wo lag das Paradies? The First Nation to Use Writing in Western Asia:But in all probability special renown will always be attached to the non-Semitic inhabitants of Shinar as the inventors, or at least the earliest users known to us, of the cuneiform script. In 11:2 Shinar is described as the land of the plain where migrants from the East settled, and founded Babel, the city, and its great tower.2. Bibliography T. Jacobsen, The Sumerian King-List (1939); Primitive Democracy in ancient Mesopotamia, JNES II (1943), 159-172; H. H. Frankfort, The Birth of Civilisation in the Ancient Near East (1951); S. N. Kramer, Sumerian Historiography, IEJ 3 (1953), 217-232; From the Tablets of Sumer (-History Begins at Sumer) (1956); I. Gordon, Sumerian Proverbs (1959); A. Falkenstein, Das Sumerische (1959); A. Parrot, Sumer (1960); S. N. Kramer, Sumerian Mythology (1961); Sumerian Literature, a general survey in The Bible and the Ancient Near East (1961), 249-259; C. J. Gadd, The Cities of Babylonia, CAH I/2 (1971), 93-144; S. N. Kramer, The Sumerians, Their History, Culture and Character (1963). Poetical compositions concerning it exist, one of the most interesting being a lamentation possibly written after the invasion of Kudur-Nanchundi, when famine was rife in the city, blood flowed like water in E-ulbar, the house of Istar's oracle, and the enemy heaped up fire in all the goddess' lands as one heaps up embers.6. It was the city of Gilgames, the half-mythical king of the earliest period, who seems to have restored the walls and temples. The American excavations on this site have thrown a flood of light upon almost every branch of Assyriological research. Map Store - Download High-Res Maps and Images, 2023, Bible History | All rights reserved, Bibliography Resources on the Old Testament. house of Agade was followed by nearly a cent. The Karun, with which a number of small streams unite, rises in the Bakhtiari mountains. Genesis 11:9 - Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the LORD confused the language of all the earth. Notwithstanding the rigors of the climate, however, it was in ancient times a well-populated district, and exceedingly fruitful, as now. Apparently the Elamite ruler had tried to regain his independence, but failed. After the Flood the king list declares that kingship was let down again from heaven, first in Kish. Seventy-eight kings held sway in Kish, Ur, Uruk (Erech), Mari and other named cities. Jesus Keeps Feast of Tabernacles. Identification2. Copyright 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Elamite Religion 14. lit. (2) Kes:About 18 miles North of Babylon lay Kes, now Oheimer-a foundation which seems to have preceded Babylon as the capital of Shinar. It may be objected that the system which they introduced was cumbersome and imperfect, but they knew of nothing simpler, and modern Chinese, with which their script has been compared, is far less practical. In 14:3 it is identified with the Salt Sea, and in 14:10 it is said to have . ).Nimrod has not been identified with any mythical hero or historic king of the inscriptions. (11) Sennacherib against Chaldea and Elam.As Sargon had his attention fully occupied elsewhere, he made no attempt to follow up his success, and it seems not to have been until the reign of Sennacherib that any serious invasion of the country on the part of the Assyrians was made. It is notable in Joshua 13:15-21, where the cities given to Reuben are enumerated, that, though the slopes of Pisgah are mentioned, Zoar is not mentioned.In Genesis 14, where the battle between Amraphel and his allies with Sodom and the other cities of the plain is described, the south end of the Dead Sea comes in logical order in the progress of their campaign, and special mention is made of the slime or bitumen pits which occurred in the valley, and evidently played an important part in the outcome of the battle.At the south end of the Dead Sea there is an extensive circle or plain which is better supplied with water for irrigation than is the region about Jericho, and which, on the supposition of slight geological changes, may have been extremely fertile in ancient times; while there are many indications of such fertility in the ruins that have been described by travelers about the mouth of the Kerak and other localities nearby. The word Mesopotamia means the land "between the rivers" which were the Tigris and Euphrates. The defeat of the Elamites was a foregone conclusion, and Te-umman perished, with his son, in the thick of the battle, as is dramatically depicted by the sculptors of Assur-bani-apli in the bas-reliefs which adorned the walls of his palace. The two armies faced each other on the banks of the Itite, and after an attack in which the Assyrians were at a disadvantage, the Elamites gave way, and Umman-aldas fled to the mountains. [2] In the Book of Genesis 10:10, the beginning of Nimrod 's kingdom is said to have been "Babel [Babylon], and Erech [ Uruk ], and Akkad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar." Like others referred to in the legends which Berosus refers to, he was half-man and half-fish. Isaiah 11:11 It will happen in that day that the Lord will set his hand again the second time to recover the remnant that is left of his people from Assyria, from Egypt, from Pathros, from Cush, from Elam, from Shinar, from Hamath, and from the islands of the sea. Chinese and Turkish, however, have had time to pass through many changes since Sumerian was current in Shinar. Bible Maps, Timelines, Pictures, Lineages! - Bible Study (12) Eridu:South of the Ur lay Eridu, or, in full, Guruduga, "the good city," wherein, apparently, lay the earthly Paradise. There is a remarkable contrast between the depths of the north end of the Dead Sea and of the south end. Jubilees 10:20 states that the Tower of Babel was built with bitumen from the sea of Shinar. New Testament Overview - General survey of the New Testament. (4) Nippur:Some distance Southeast of Babylon lay Nippur or Niffur, now Niffer (Noufar), identified by the rabbis with the "Calneh" of Genesis 10:10. Oppert places the plain (or, as he calls it, the "valley") of Dura to the southeast of Babylon, in the vicinity of the mound of Dowair or Duair , where was found the pedestal of a huge statue. The whole of Sumer was henceforth in the hands of Sem. In 14:3 it is identified with the Salt Sea, and in 14:10 it is said to have been full of slime pits ("bitumen").According to the traditional view, the Vale of Siddim was at the southern end of the Dead Sea. Shinar and Its Climate:Whether the country was in the same seemingly uncared-for state in ancient times as at present is unknown; but one cannot help admiring the courage of the original immigrants into such a district, for example, as that of Lagas. Jeremiah 49:37 I will cause Elam to be dismayed before their enemies, and before those who seek their life; and I will bring evil on them, even my fierce anger, says Yahweh; and I will send the sword after them, until I have consumed them; Jeremiah 49:38 and I will set my throne in Elam, and will destroy from there king and princes, says Yahweh. Kudur-mabuk of Larsa was succeeded by his son Eri-Aku (probably the Iri-Agun of Larsa of the Elamite texts), and if he be really, as seems probable, the Arioch of Genesis 14:1, 9, then this is also the period when Chedorlaomer ruled in Elam. It is thought that the Euphrates must have flowed nearer to the city in ancient times, as the Gilgames legend relates that that hero and his companion Enkidu washed their hands in the stream after having killed the divine bull sent by the goddess Ishtar to destroy them. The Tower of Babel - Kids Bible Maps It pondered the problems of death and the afterlife (Gilgamesh Epic), yet was abounding with practical wisdom (collections of proverbs, essays of advice, parables) as well as court and temple ritual in the desire to know the mind of the gods (omens, hymns, prayers). Map Mount Ararat The traditional site where Noah's ark landed ( Gen. 8:4 ). Uruk (3300-3100 b.c.) The larger plain has as its northern boundary these same Ahwaz hills, and reaches to the sea on the South.3. It is the modern 'Abu-habbah, "father of grain." Jeremiah 49:39 But it shall happen in the latter days, that I will bring back the captivity of Elam, says Yahweh. There is no clear place where the Bible says that Noah and his family journeyed to after the Flood. It is true that many specimens are crude and uncouth, but this is probably due to the sculptors having been, often enough, the slaves of their material. dialects of Assyrian and Babylonian (Akkad.) texts (so W. F. Albright, AJSL XL [1953], 125-127). and for dialects in Syria and Pal. and religion the thought, style and manner of these early inhabitants of Babylonia was transmitted to both contemporary and later civilizations and is of importance as the background of much in Genesis 1-11. Berosus speaks of its king Ammenon, who reigned 12 sari, or 43,200 years, and in whose time the Musarus Oannes, or Annedotus, arose out of the Persian Gulf. It was bounded on the North by Media, on the East by Persia and on the West by Babylonia. On the river banks are to be found willows, tamarisks and many kinds of acacias. In 11:2 Shinar is described as the land of the plain where migrants from the East settled, and founded Babel, the city, and its great tower. Its kings and viceroys were among the most renowned, though apparently unknown outside their own domains. The derivation of the name is well known, Erech being the Semitic-Babylonian Uruk, from the Sumerian Unug, a word meaning "seat," probably in the sense of "residential city." Tarr of Cornell University has recently described the effect of an earthquake on the shores of Alaska, in which there was a change of level of 47 ft.More probably (see ARABAH; DEAD SEA) there has been a rise in the waters of the Dead Sea since Abraham's time, caused by the encroachment upon the original area of evaporation by the deltas which have been pushed into the main part of the depression by the Jordan, and various smaller streams descending from the highlands on either side. Their stones were frequently more or less pebble-shaped, and they had neither the skill nor the tools to reduce them to better proportions-moreover, reduction of bulk would have meant a diminution of their importance. Though it seems to have fallen early under the dominion of the Semites, it was at first Sumerian, as its native name, Zimbir, and the ideographic writing thereof show. Encyclopedia. The early conquest of the cities of Babylonia, or their federation into one great kingdom, is here ascribed to Nimrod. Though it eventually fell to the Medo-Persian Empire, the emergence of a new Babylon is prophesied in the book of Revelation, a final global empire to . Old Testament Overview - General survey of the Old Testament. It is a non-Sem., agglutinative, inflected and part tonal speech written in the cuneiform script which would seem to have been their invention. Ancient Shinar is shown on ancient maps as Sennar. Sculpture in Shinar:The reference to the Sumerian sculptures in (7) above will have shown that the inhabitants of the Plain of Shinar possessed an art of no mean order and of some antiquity, even at the time when it first presents itself to our notice. A. It was to this land that Nebuchadnezzar took the captives from Jerusalem (Dan 1:2) and from it the prophet foresaw that the faithful remnant would be gathered (Isa 11:11). Etymology of the Name:The second of the cities founded by Nimrod, the others being Babel, Accad and Calneh (Genesis 10:10). American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 40/2, 1924, 125-133. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinar&oldid=1141258574, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 04:30. Vegetation 7. Some have sought identification with Gilgamesh, the flood hero of Babylonia (Skinner, Driver, Delitzsch); others with a later Kassite king (Haupt, Hilprecht), which is quite unlikely; but the most admissible correspondence is with Marduk, chief god of Babylon, probably its historic founder, just as Asshur, the god of Assyria, appears in verse 11 as the founder of the Assyrian empire (Wellhausen, Price, Sayce). Tammaritu, nephew of Umman-igas, after the defeat of the Elamite forces in Chaldea, revolted against him, and having defeated him, cut off his head, and took the crown. NET Bible The primary regions of his kingdom were Babel, Erech, Akkad, and Calneh in the land of Shinar. But in recent years a number of eminent authorities have maintained that it was at the northern end of the Dead Sea, in the vicinity of Jericho. Sharp cold, with frost, succeeds the heat of summer, and from time to time sand-storms sweep across the plain. Chedorlaomer, also spelled Kedorlaomer (/ k d r l e m r /; Hebrew: , Tiberian: Korl'mer; Vat.), is a king of Elam mentioned in Genesis 14. Mountain Ranges 4. The Classical period (2700-2150 b.c.). The rivers were so large that the land was considered an "island" that was between them. The Principal Cities:The two principal cities were Susa or Shushan, called Susun in the native texts, and regarded as the old capital, situated on the Ulai (Karkha); and Anzan (Ashshan, Anshan), more to the Southwest. Between November 1 and 15 the rains begin, with Southeast and South winds, and the mountains are covered with snow. The Sumer. Wisdom lit. 1; 3:1 ). A Sumer. The extreme length of the site from North to South is over 3,000 yds., and its width about 2,800 yds. Sumerian has no proven relation to any other language, ancient or modern. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. [4], The name inar occurs eight times in the Hebrew Bible, in which it refers to Babylonia. The BIBLICAL land of Eden and Garden Tammaritu, the new king's youngest brother, was at the same time made king of Hidalu, in the mountain region. ( Genesis 11:3) Among the cities were Babel (Babylon), Erech or Orech (Orchoe), Calneh or Calno (probably . Naturally the Assyrians claim the victory, but the Babylonians say that they were defeated. Hallusu, king of Elam, on the retirement of the Assyrian troops, invaded Babylonia as being part of the territories of the Assyrian king, and having captured Assur-nadin-sum, Sennacherib's son, who had ruled in Babylon 6 years, carried him off to Elam, setting Nergal-usezib on the throne of Babylonia. Origin. That the district of Arabistan is poor and barren is due to the carelessness and improvidence of the people, who, like the people of the Turkish province of Bagdad, have neglected the ancient irrigation canals which fertilized the land.6. It is this collection of spoils which has contributed to make the success of the French excavations at Susa what it is. All these successes in Elam and its dependencies probably made the kingdom of Babylon supreme in the land. The Ab-e-Diz, a river with a greater volume of water, is formed by the uniting of two streams above Dizful. This was the birthplace of the Babylonian Noah, Ut-napistim, son of Opartes (Umbara-Tutu), a Chaldean of Larancha. Some of the rivers being salt, sea fish are also to be found, and it is not rare to see sharks at Shuster, and eels in the lower Karun.8. Majority Standard Bible And as people journeyed eastward, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. Another great ruler of the early period was Sin-gasid, king of Erech, who was a patron of E-anna; and when he restored this shrine, he endowed it with grain, wool, oil and 1 shekel of gold. Nevertheless pure Semites had settled in the country at a very early date, and it is probably on account of this that Elam is called (Genesis 10:22) a son of Shem-indeed, the many Sere inscriptions found by the French explorers at Susa show how strong their influence was. Tablets and Tombs of Late Date:Besides the inscriptions of the kings already mentioned, tablets of the reigns of Nabopolassar, Nebuchadrezzar, Nabonidus, Cyrus, Darius and some of the Seleucids have been found on the site. (11) Ur:To the Southeast of Warka and Senqara lies the site of the ancient UR OF THE CHALDEES (which see) now Mugheir. His boss, who he admires, is waiting to meet with him about the big project. It is thought probable that the Elamite king Sadi(?) Abraham attacks raiders who captured his nephew Lot: Hittites, Hurrian, Elam, Shinarall from what is now Turkey, Iran, Iraq. Early period. el-a'-sar ('ellacar): 1. He also defeated the king of Asnunnak. Climate:The climate is a variable one. Bible Map: Erech influence far beyond its bounds, by economic prosperity and a revival in every branch of Sumer. In Jerusalem for Hanukkah. CU2JSf9.7HU[]NERt&^SFRbe/#a0T In the battle which ensued between the two pretenders, Tammaritu was defeated, and fled to the seacoast with a part of the Elamite royal family. Geographical Position and Names:A well-known tract, partly mountainous, whose western boundary, starting on the Northeast side of the Persian Gulf, practically followed the course of the lower Tigris. The water-courses are full of fish, among them being the barbel, silurus, carp (sometimes of great size), and gurnards similar to those of the Nile. During the reign of the little-known Kharacenian king, Aspasine, they made incursions into Babylonia, one of the opponents of this king's generals being Pittit, "the enemy, the Elamite"-a phrase of old standing, apparently. 2 0 obj The Primitive Tongue of Shinar:From the inscriptions it would seem that the primitive language of Shinar was not Semitic, but the agglutinative idiom now named Sumerian-a tongue long regarded as Turanian, and having, it is thought, Turko-Chinese affinities-gal, "to be," Turkish ol-mak; ama (ana), "mother," Turkish ana; abba, "old man," Turkish baba, "father"; (h)e, "house," Turkish ev, etc. (15) Upe or Upia (Opis):Upe or Upia, the Greek Opis, apparently obtained renown at a very early date, its kings being given in the great chronological list before those of Kis. Labs These maps - more than 70 of them-are some of the best of the best New Testament maps we've created so far in the growing library of maps and Bible study. The Semites of Babylonia were to all appearance thick-set and muscular, but the Sumerians, notwithstanding the stumpy figures which their statues and bas-reliefs show, seem to have been slim-in any case, their warriors, in the better basreliefs, as well as the figures of the god Nin-Girsu (formerly known as "the god with the firestick"), and the engraved cylinders, have this type. He seems to have been overthrown by Untahas-Gal, of a more legitimate line, who was likewise a builder of temples. proper name, of a location Shinar = Babylonia (= Babylonian umr according to COT Genesis 11:1 and others, > denied by Hal Rev. or Taki (?) This is identified with the Biblical Ulai (Assyrian Ulaa, classical Eulaeus). Fertile Crescent, Nimrod, and Confusion of Language - Human Migration Bible Book: Genesis Type: Maps Location: Babylon, Canaan, Carchemish, Damascus, Elam, Hebron, Hittite, Huran, Hurrian, Shinar, Sodom, Ur Era: Israel's founding fathers Map Genesis 14. that king marched again against Merodach-baladan, who had taken refuge at Nagitu and other places on the Elamite side of then elongated Persian Gulf. His descendants, if of pure race, inherited the divine grace which he enjoyed. C. The Sumerian renaissance. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are okay with it. NIMROD. They are variants of an agglutinative tongue, and are apparently not related to any other known language. Save 15% for life on BibleGateway+ with code SPRINGSTUDY15. Since many bilingual texts survive, there is much evidence for the language and through it of early Sumer. For the rest, the principal differences between Sumerian and Semitic Babylonian are:(1) post-positional suffixes instead of prepositions;(2) verbs with long strings of prefixes and infixes to express the persons and regimens, instead of a prefix and a suffix;(3) compound words, both nouns and verbs, are common instead of being exceedingly rare. Apirti and the "Bandit Nations" 11. There was apparently no ill-will between the two nations, however, for the viceroy of Susa is said to have married a daughter of Ibi-Sin. Genesis portrays him as allied with three other kings, campaigning against five Canaanite city-states in response to an uprising in the days of Abraham. Spring begins at the end of February, and vegetation advances so rapidly that harvest takes place about the end of April. Easton's Bible Dictionary Bible Map: Ellasar Professor R.S. Shinar was used early to describe the land which included the cities of Babel (Babylon), Erech (Warka) and Accad (Agade) within the kingdom of Nimrod ( Gen 10:10 ). He has left a magnificent bronze statue representing his queen Napir-Asu. [2] This location of Shinar is evident from its description as encompassing both Babel/Babylon (in northern Babylonia) and Erech/Uruk (in southern Babylonia). ), of whom nothing is known. Sculpture in Shinar12. The remains are situated in a large courtyard measuring 350 ft. by 270 ft. As in the case of other Babylonian erections, the corners are directed toward the cardinal points, and its height is about 100 ft. above the desert-plain.As Erech is mentioned with Babylon, Niffer (Calneh) and Eridu, as one of the cities created by Merodach (Nimrod), it is clear that it was classed with the oldest foundations in Babylonia. Sennacherib, however, himself claims the victory, and describes with great wealth of detail the horrors of the fight. 9. The World of the Old Testament - The Church of Jesus Christ of To all appearance his intentions to revolt were reported to the Assyrian king, who at once sent an army and plundered the country, and Tammaritu again fell into Assur-bani-apli's hands. Umman-Menanu died at the end of the year, after a 4 years' reign, and was succeeded by Humba-haldasu I (689-682 B.C. Where is biblical Shinar today? 1 modern identification - OpenBible.info Geographical name associated with NE Syria. %PDF-1.4 In the ruins of the town and the country around, numerous glazed earthenware (slipper-shaped) coffins and other receptacles, used for and in connection with the burial of the dead, occur. These are mostly of the Parthian period, but they imply that the place was regarded as a necropolis, possibly owing to the sanctity attached to the site.LITERATURE.Schrader, KAT; Loftus, Chaldoea and Susiana, 162; Fried. Their argument has mainly been drawn from incidental references in the scene (Genesis 13:1-13) describing the parting of Lot and Abram, and again in the account of Moses' vision from Pisgah (Deuteronomy 34:3).In the account of Abram and Lot, it is said that from Bethel they saw "all the Plain of the Jordan, that it was well watered everywhere, before Yahweh destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah." Rivers 5. history. In all lists it is the tenth who survives the Flood and all display a longevity which, in the Babylonian accounts with ages of more than 20,000 years each, make the life-span of Methuselah (969 years; Gen 5:27) look insignificant. Fauna:The fauna is said at present to be less numerous than formerly. This center of learning maintained its independence even after the other states had been absorbed by Hammurabi and his dynasty into the Babylonian empire. Comparison with the Semitic Idiom7. More Info. (7) Umma:Practically East of Fara lay Umma or Gisuh (or Giuh), now Jokha. The shrine dedicated to Ishtar is apparently now represented by the ruin known as Buwariyya or "reed-mats," and so called on account of the layers of matting at intervals of 4 or 5 ft. Notwithstanding the destruction sometimes wrought, the floods were always welcomed in consequence of the fruitfulness which followed, and which was such as to make Babylonia one of the most fertile tracts known.11. Of this the smaller part-which, however, was also the most ancient historically-lay between the Pusht-e-Kuh on the West, the Lur mountains on the North, the Bakhtiari heights to the East and Southeast, and the hills of Ahwaz to the South. These deities were very numerous, and it is noteworthy that, though those with Sumerian names may be counted by hundreds, those with Semitic names are only to be reckoned by tens.8. sid'-im, (`emeq ha-siddim; Septuagint he pharangx (or koilas) he haluke): The place mentioned in Genesis 14:3-8 as being the scene of encounter between Chedorlaomer and his allies with the kings of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboiim and Zoar. According to De Morgan, the original population was mainly negritic, and has mingled with the Arab stock to such an extent that mulattoes among them are not rare. The description, therefore, of the fertility of the region in the Vale of Siddim may well have applied to this region at the time of Lot's entrance into it.There are very persistent traditions that great topographical changes took place around the south end of the Dead Sea in connection with the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, while the opinion has been universally prevalent among the earlier historical writers that the site of Sodom and Gomorrah is beneath the waters of the Dead Sea.Geological investigations, so far from disproving these traditions, render them altogether possible and credible. If you have any questions, please review our Privacy Policy or email us at privacy@biblegateway.com. Notwithstanding this, however, Urtaku invaded Babylonia as ally of certain Chaldean tribes. Fauna 8. The Bible says in Genesis that Nimrod went out of the land of Shinar and migrated north and formed the cities of Nineveh, Rehoboath, and Calah. In the vision of Moses, likewise, we have a very general and condensed description, in which it is said that he was shown "the Plain of the valley of Jericho, the city of palm-trees, unto Zoar," which, as we learn from Genesis 19:22, was not far from the Vale of Siddim. II, 11; BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA, RELIGION OF, IV, 7; MERODACH; ORION.Edward Mack. He was evidently one of the great rulers of the land. In Genesis 10:10 it is the district wherein lay Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh, cities which were the "beginning" of Nimrod's kingdom. W. F. Albright, Shinar-anar and Its Monarch Amraphel. Surface Configuration:Elam consisted of a plain occupying a depression in the mountains of Iran or Persia. Use. After passing to other rulers, the government of Susa fell to Ebari, father of Silhaha, during whose reign Simti-Silhak ruled in Babylonia. In the days of his successor, Ishbi-Irra, a vain attempt to enlist Elamite help against these western Semites failed and the city fell in 2006. Some Biblical scholars claim that Asshur also founded a city after his name and the people who lived in Asshur became known as the Assyrians. Apirti and the "Bandit Nations":From the inscriptions of Mal-Amir, to the East, we learn that that was the place of another kingdom called Apirti, the land of the Apharsites of Ezra 4:9.

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