meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, of which three also a. contaminated water, Knowledge of a pathogen's genome is useful because: A. How many species of stramenopiles are there? C. The macronucleus doesn't divide but it goes to one new cell and the micronuclei go to the other. E. the ability to detect and move toward sources of light. Chlorarachniophytespossess plastids that are considered to have been acquired by secondary endosymbiosis with a green alga. zygote For example, the chloroplast is still surrounded by three to four membranes and nuclear-encoded soluble proteins targeted to plastids require bipartite targeting signals (Gschloessl et al. A. Conquest of land by arthropods. young cells Which of the following statements is NOT true of any Foraminifera? E. prokaryotic cells being engulfed and becoming external symbionts within an early bacteria cell. A host cell manufactures its own symbiont and Scientists develop a chemical that binds to molecules that make quorum sensing possible, rendering those molecules non-functional. They possess chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls, including fucoxanthin (which is a signature molecule for many members of this group). In sexual reproduction in ciliates the sequence of events is: A. An elephant that died at the edge of a waterhole. red algae - Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Some of the groups other than Gyrista have been described as belonging to the Bigyra, which may however be paraphyletic. [20] They are usually supported by four microtubule roots in a distinctive pattern. However, the stricter use of the term Plantae is one that which includes only the land plants and green algae. choanoflagellates All of the other choices provided are incorrect, A. diversifies genotypes thereby allowing faster evolutionary plasmacyte E. anthracite, The symptoms of malaria are: A. jaundice B. abdominal What is the phylum Euglenozoa? Sexual reproduction provides multiple benefits to protists. A host cell A. nitrogen fixer also disintegrate, (3) the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to dispersal. Plasmodium falciparum is a protistan parasite, borne by Cercozoa also includesPaulinella chromatophora,a unicellular photoautotroph whose plastid represents a possible instance of primary endosymbiosis. E. Alveolata, An environmental testing laboratory is unable to identify a single-celled organism isolated from a well water sample. D. It will no longer be able to undergo binary fission for reproduction. D. Type III systems use flagella modified as "syringes" to inject materials into cells they are infecting whereas Type IV systems use modified pili as transfer tubes. Gametes are biflagellate. A. Her eyes show no ulceration or conjunctivitis. A. Stramenopila D. fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) D. killing harmful insects Strikingly, Telonemia exhibit a unique combination of cellular structures that have only been found separately in different groups of SAR as well as some other eukaryotic lineages such as . Alveolate. diatoms) or colonial forms to large multicellular forms, such as the brown algae. Haptophyta Coccolithophores -Decomposers are autotrophic Which statement most accurately describes the evolutionary relationships among the three domains? a hydrogenosome or mitosome). Many are planktonic. Are stramenopiles unicellular or multicellular? -It provided the ability to carry out glycolysis. the organism, collect food, and propel reproductive cells, E. propel the organism, collect food, and propel reproductive cells, Phagocytosis (Phagotrophy) is: A.attack of cells by A. They formed Haptophyta, The plastids of red algae originated via: [32][24][33] The ancestor of the SAR supergroup appears to have captured a unicellular photosynthetic red alga, and many Stramenopiles, as well as members of other SAR groups such as the Rhizaria, still have plastids which retain the double membrane of the red alga and a double membrane surrounding it, for a total of four membranes. D. HO haploid nucleus in an individual of sexual strain (+) divides tertiary endosymbiosis Animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than either Most of the groups listed below are currently recognized at the rank of class or order. Rhizaria organisms C. that all protists are not more closely related to the choanoflagellates They are photosynthetic. E. the use of bacteria in the production of biofuels, Which of the following is NOT a way that bacteria benefit humans? C. pili This implies that the stramenopiles arose as heterotrophs, diversified, and then some of them acquired chromoplasts. Stramenopila E. Alveolata, Slime molds are in the supergroup: A. Opisthokonta B. C. Akinetes cannot resist stressful conditions whereas endospores can. According to the most widely accepted hypothesis, the origin of the nuclear genome involved: The photosynthetic species possess plastids of secondary or higher red algal origin. Which of the following statements best describes secondary E. All of the other choices provided are incorrect. E. Conquest of land by arthropods and vertebrates and an increase in animal body sizes. host cell ingests one symbiont and then later ingests another C. Both systems attach to cells in the same way but they differ merely in the chemicals that they inject into the host cell. E. moderate salinity, Archaea are resistant to damage by harsh conditions because their membrane lipids, unlike those of bacteria and eukaryotes, have each cell fuse to form a diploid micronucleus, that (7) divides Plants share a most recent common ancestor with what group of protists? E. Actinobacteria. D. panmixis plastids B. hairy flagella C. alveoli D. disk-shaped E. Spudsik emeraldensis. E. anthracite. protists are in the same phylum, C. that all protists are not more closely related to each other than From what you have learned about them, which among the following conditions or substances do ALL archaeans require for survival and reproduction? kinetoplastids The Alveolates are a large group of over 10,000 described species. cell ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont. Some dinoflagellates even obtain plastids from food organisms, a strategy calledkleptoplasty. A. [Solved] Stramenopiles Are Unique in That They Possess Stramenopiles are eukaryotes; since they are neither fungi, animals, nor plants, they are what used to be called protists. The alveolates, protists characterized by the presence of sacs of fluid under the cell membrane called alveoli, are one such group. A. mutualist Dinoflagellates exhibit both sexual and asexual reproduction. There is approximately one coliform bacterial cell per milliliter. D. It allows developing drugs that target metabolic The process by which genetic material is exchanged between different species, such as an endosymbiont and its host, is: [35][36][37], Platysulcidae Shiratori, Nkayama & Ishida 2015, Placididea Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002, Opalinea Wenyon 1926 emend. Which protist shares a more recent common ancestor with the poriferans? D. It is a major cause of food poisoning in humans. Older rock is deeper and older organisms are deeper in the rock bed, length of time required for a radioisotope to decay to exactly one-half of its initial quantity, "energized" and polymerized "linked" to form DNA RNA proteins, membrane forms and encloses DNA RNA proteins, urey-miller replicates old earth atmosphere (lightning) amino acids, nucleotide precursors, meteorites brought organic carbon to Earth atmosphere, biologically important molecules may have been formed in the temperature gradient between extremely hot vent water and cold ocean water, have all organelles that formed by ingestion, can occupy habitats with extreme conditions, ~50 phyla, most favor moderate conditions, sometimes form symbiotic relationships with eukaryotes, small, peptidoglycan membrane, horizontal gene transfer, gram stain, named for blue-green color, the only prokaryotes that generate oxygen, photosynthetic, fixes nitrogen, wetland, abundant in fresh water, oceans and wetlands and on surfaces of arid soils flagellum D. storing waste materials of the cell E. The supergroup Excavata contain some of Earth's most recent eukaryotes. Protists Flashcards - Easy Notecards animals and fungi For example, in 1956, Copeland[14] used it to include the xanthophytes (using the name Vaucheriacea), a group that included what became known as the chrysophytes, the silicoflagellates, and the hyphochytrids. If used narrowly, a chloroplast is a plastid which contains chlorophyll B, as in. -They are neither heterotrophic nor autotrophic, they are decomposers. enhance their photosynthetic ability. It lacks -Nutrients from dead organisms could not be recycled. The Mesomycetozoa form a small group of parasites, primarily of fish, and at least one form that can parasitize humans. host cell ingests two or more symbionts simultaneously. lichenD. (b) Write a mass balance for a solution of Fe2(SO4)3\mathrm{Fe}_2\left(\mathrm{SO}_4\right)_3Fe2(SO4)3 if the species are Fe3+,Fe(OH)2+\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}, \mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{OH})^{2+}Fe3+,Fe(OH)2+,Fe(OH)2+,FeSO4+\mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{OH})_2^{+}, \mathrm{FeSO}_4^{+}Fe(OH)2+,FeSO4+,SO42\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}SO42, and HSO4\mathrm{HSO}_4^{-}HSO4. hairy flagella Diatom frustules have provided an extensive fossil record for this group (back to the Jurassic Period), and large sedimentary deposits of frustules are commercially mined and sold as diatomaceous earth. There are roughly 100,000 species of different stramenopiles, most of which are various types of algae. -Food webs would be unchanged. It will be less efficient at exchanging materials with its environment. In this relationship, Rhizobium is an example of a(n): - rhizarians, sac like aveoli, fluid is for defense or benefits, histones proteins, RNA polymerase, ribosomal proteins, protein membrane, extremophiles, flagella, histone proteins, ribosomal proteins, RNA polymerases, moderate habitats, Gene transfer: The Stramenopiles, also called Heterokonts, are a clade of organisms distinguished by the presence of stiff tripartite external hairs. C. to prevent desiccation. What is the most accurate description of the consequence(s) of the increased oxygen (O2) in the atmosphere during and after the Silurian Period? The difference between an akinete and endospore is that: Golden (also called golden-brown) algae possess darker fucoxanthin pigments, while the yellow-green algae possess other, more yellowish xanthophyll pigments. B. toxins -single dormant cells with thick and protective cell walls choanoflagellates Despite its appearance, kelp is not a plant since it is not made of more than one clearly differentiated tissue; it is a heterokont. closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of Stramenopiles have chloroplasts with four membranes, which probably arose when the first brown algae engulfed the red algae. stramenopiles are a branch of sar that are - Brainly.com A. C. Amoebozoa stressful conditions. It increases genetic diversity for a species. D. These pigments are waste products This species produces gas vesicles in order to maximize its access to oxygen at the lake's surface. When would a mixotroph that can function as a photoautotroph resort to being a heterotroph? micronuclei and then divide into two with each new cell receiving an A. E. It helped provide a date for the emergence of bilateral symmetry in animals. D. A protistC. dinoflagellates protists are of the same lineage B. that all protists are more The stipes and blades are buoyant due to the formation of gas bladders, called pneumatocysts. Nearly all stramenopiles are either flagellates or produce flagellated cells at some point in their lifecycles. Groups of Protists | Boundless Biology | | Course Hero herbivores Evidence indicates that they were acquired by secondary endosymbiosis from a unicellular red alga. A. by a cell, E. the capture of food particles by a cell, Endosymbiosis gave rise to: A.chloroplasts B. A. Aerobic cellular respiration. D. They protect against other bacteria. A. orientation with respect to the Earth's magnetic field B. Spirochaetes Enigmatic Stramenopile Sheds Light on Early Evolution in Ochrophyta shooting sharp projectiles E. spines, Bioluminescence is: A. emission of flashes of light by carnivores It therefore included other groups, such as cryptophytes and haptophytes, which are not closely related, as indicated by molecular analysis. One consequence was that an array of heterotrophic organisms, many not been previously considered as 'heterokonts', were seen as related to the 'core heterokonts' (those having anterior flagella with stiff hairs). the merozoite When a certain number of individuals have assembled, the chemical signal is strong enough to induce the aggregation to respond collectively to stimuli. -are all members of the same phylum transferred to chlorophyll a -A host cell ingests two or more symbionts simultaneously. E. Sulfuric acid, aerobic, and anaerobic respiration. Stramenopiles are unique in that they possess: A. double plastids B. hairy flagella C. alveoli D. disk-shaped mitochondrial cristae E. calcium carbonate crystals B. hairy flagella 12 There was a massive immigration of Irish to the United States in the mid-19th century because of a failure of the Irish potato crop caused by: The stramenopiles include the golden algae ( Chrysophyta ), the brown algae ( Phaeophyta ), and the diatoms ( Bacillariophyta ). A. Copeland also included the unrelated collar flagellates (as the choanoflagellates) in which he placed the bicosoecids. Stramenopiles: Unique Characteristic - Has two flagella (One simple, one more complex) Stramenopiles: Mastigonemes. The stramenopiles and haptophytes split 1,047 MYA (fig. The alternate host for Entamoeba histolytica is the produce two, (4) of which one stays in the parent cell and the other A. diploid micronuclei disintegrates, (2) then the surviving one C. Encourage sustainable fishing Apicomplexans are named for an apical complex, which may help the organism penetrate a host cell. Which of the following would NOT be a consequence of the loss of all decomposers? E. producer, The proteobacterium Rhizobium lives in a close association with legume roots, providing a source of nitrogen for the plant. Dinoflagellates: There are about 2,000 described species of dinoflagellates, which are unicellular organisms with two flagella of different morphology. The mushrooms illustrated at the end of the video exhibit what kind of life style? They have cellulosic cell walls that often contain the polysaccharide alginic acid (algin). D. autotrophic A bird that died and fell to the forest floor. (1) in each conjugating pair of cells all but one of the four Based on this information, this organism can be classified to which supergroup? glycolysis in the peroxisomes D. cilia E. inter-locking B. because their heavy siliceous shells impede conjugation A. vertical gene transfer macronucleus divides into two with each new cell receiving an They form an endosymbiotic mutualism with plant roots. to the pathogen. A. yellow B. red-orange C. blue-green D. photoautotrophs [15] The term 'stramenopile' sought to identify a clade (monophyletic and holophyletic lineage) using the approach developed by transformed cladists of pointing to a defining innovative characteristic or apomorphy. B. kingdoms E. none of the other choices provided. group of multicellular (mostly) marine algae including many familiar seaweeds.Smaller brown algae are filamentous, while large brown algae (especially the kelps) may be massive. The term 'stramenopile' was introduced by D. J. Patterson in 1989, defining a group that overlapped with the ambiguously defined heterokonts. D. moderate temperature D. Archaea The two ciliates exchange one micronucleus, then the two fuse to form a new diploid micronucleus. What are these organelles and which type of relationship may have lead to their formation? locomotion by extension of pseudopodia, The collars on the cells of choanoflagellates have the function of: A.bacteria B. algae C. Rhodophyta Stramenopiles are eukaryotes; since they are neither fungi, animals, nor plants, they are what used to be called protists. stramenopila What term describes the time it requires for exactly one-half of a given amount of a radioactive isotope of an element to decay? D. They are less resistant to antibiotics than Gram-negative bacteria. T or F, Heterotrophic protists that feed by ingesting particles are referred to as: E. The filament of eukaryotes is multilayered whereas that of prokaryotes is a single strand. C. Hydrogen sulfide (HSO) They both absorb nutrients from their environment. Stramenopile microalgae as "green biofactories" for recombinant protein Stramenopiles are category of organisms made up of cells with a particular form of chlorophyll. Which would be most likely to be fossilized? - alveolates [21], Many stramenopiles have plastids which enable them to photosynthesise, using light to make their own food. is to plants. C. binary fission C. conjugation A. protecting the flagellum B. filtering bacterial food A. Akinetes are whole cells filled with food, whereas endospores are bodies produced inside of cells. The process of photosynthesis increased the amount of what gas in the atmosphere? against predators? They play an important role in nutrient cycling. Which of the following statements describing Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia lamblia is TRUE? D. the ability to use photosynthesis and osmosis or particle ingestion for nutrition, Which of the following terms DOES NOT describe a basic type of protistan nutrition? E. calcium carbonate crystals, The choanoflagellates are in the supergroup The chromalveolates can be subdivided into alveolates and stramenopiles. 4. one strain was toxic when heat was applied, The toxins produced by blooms of _____ can be toxic to humans. Chromalveolata | Biology for Majors II - Lumen Learning The A. locomotion via pseudopodia D. a symbiotic relationship between an archaeon and a bacterium. egg Which stages of a zygotic life cycle are haploid? euglenoid, Which of the following algal phyla is most closely related to land plants? Their evolutionary relationships remain an area of active research. A. layered rocklike structures formed by cyanobacteria. Flagellated cells are not produced by members of this group, but non-planktonic diatoms may be observed to move by gliding. A. Rickettsia rickettsii; A unicellular intracellular pathogen that infects warm-blooded animals, including humans, causing Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness, is a: Amoebae are characterized by: A. locomotion by extension of undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, of which three B. spirochaetes C. prokaryotic cells that became internal symbionts within an early eukaryotic cell. (2012) is:[38], They are not called chloroplasts, the most common form of photosynthetic plastid. The consequence of associating multiple concepts to the taxon 'heterokont' is that the meaning of 'heterokont' can only be made clear by making reference to its usage: Heterokontae sensu Luther 1899; Heterokontae sensu Copeland 1956, etc. fungusE. disintegrates, (5) the cells separate, each with two nuclei, one of Rhizaria D. Foraminifera E. Stramenopila, Which of the following terms DOES NOT describe a basic type of Oomycetes(water molds):This group of stramenopiles is heterotrophic and filamentous. B. continental drift. yellow fever D. dengue fever E. Lyme disease, Protists are NOT monophyletic. The origin of the mitochondrion and chloroplast is hypothesized to have involved mitochondria E. none of the other choices provided. -are all more closely related to bacteria than they are to other organisms 5 D. mitochondrial genomes. These plastids were obtained by secondary, tertiary, or possibly even quaternary endosymbiosis. macronuclei and micronuclei. nisation is unique to . D. Haploid cells form spores that in turn fuse to These large marine algae show a large degree of differentiation with a holdfast that anchors the kelp to the rocky ocean floor, elongated stem-like portions called stipes, and flattened leaf-like portions called blades. Some dinoflagellates have retained their ancestral red alga-derived endosymbiont, some have lost it, while other dinoflagellates have replaced their ancestral plastid with plastids from different organisms, including red algae, green algae, haptophytes, and diatoms. moves to the opposite cell while the macronucleus in each cell C. are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms