Double bind is based on clinical observation the patients and early evidence involved assessing the personality of the mothers for 'crazy-making' characterists. The Interactionist approach acknowledges that there are a range of factors (including biological and psychological) which are involved in the development of schizophrenia. Mischler & Waxler (1968) found significant differences in the way mothers spoke to their schizophrenic daughters compared to their normal daughters, which suggests that dysfunctional communication may be a result of living with the schizophrenic rather than the cause of the disorder. He used MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to obtain pictures of the brain structure of MZ twins in which one twin was schizophrenic. The entire evaluation of Schizophrenia (AQA A-level Psychology) 33.39 5.49 3x sold 11 items 1. (2006) CBT is highly effective and should be used as a mainstream treatment for schizophrenia wherever possible. Book now . This suggests that the dopamine hypothesis does not account for freewill. Family studies find individuals who have schizophrenia and determine whether their biological relatives are similarly affected more often than non-biological relatives. Metaanalysis by Crossley Et Al (2010) suggested that Atypical antipsychotics are no more effective, but do have less side effects. This means it cannot be used to treat schizophrenia by itself. 3. schizophrenia psychology aqa question help - The Student Room Essentially due to . Inherited factors that make some individuals more likely to develop a certain behaviour or mental disorder. Negative symptoms are a diminution or loss of normal functions such as psychomotor disturbances, avolition (the reduction of goal-directed behavior), disturbances of mood and thought disorders. This suggests the doctors had no valid method for detecting schizophrenia. Ayllon and Azrin (1968) set up a token economy with schizophrenic patients in a psychiatric institution. and pragmatic (how is the belief helpful?) desire): in which a person becomes totally apathetic and sits around waiting for things to happen. (2002) developed a machine that produced virtual hallucinations, such as hearing the television telling you to kill yourself or one persons face morphing into anothers. Eg. For the classification system to be reliable, differfent clinicians using the same system (e.g. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or . Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. [4 marks], - Atypical and typical antipsychotics are equally effective against positive symptoms with more than half of patients responding well, Apart from effectiveness, briefly explain one limitation of drug therapy for schizophrenia. Some people who have been diagnosed as schizophrenic appear to have difficulties with this skill. 214 High Street, Twenty-six of forty patients (65.0%) were taking haloperidol and 14 (35.0%) chlorpromazine. The original version suggested it was due to high levels or activity of dopamine in the subcortex (hyperdopaminergia). The entire evaluation of Schizophrenia (AQA A-level Psychology) 33.39 5.49. Meehl suggested that the vulnerability is genetic (the result of a schizogene), causing a sensitive personality. They engage in no self motivated behavior. [2 marks], - Characteristics of dysfunction eg difficulties in communication, high levels of interpersonal conflict, Evaluate psychological explanations of schizophrenia [16 marks], Briefly discuss two limitations of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia. Keywords: psychosocial dysfunction, family burden, schizophrenia, OCD. Additional communication skills are taught, such as compromise and negotiation, and requesting a time out . More receptors lead to more firing and an over production of messages. PDF (Total 16 marks) - Psych205 Refer to evidence in youranswer. Medications reduce positive symptoms particularly hallucinations and delusions; and usually allow the patient to function more effectively and appropriately. Example Answers for Section C Schizophrenia Topic Paper 3 - tutor2u [2 marks] Research indicates their attention skills may be deficient they often appear easily distracted. Risperidone is another atypical antipsychotic, and is designed to be as effective as Clozapine without the risky side-effects. Conversely, antipsychotic drugs work by binding to dopamine receptors and reduce symptoms. therefore, it is not appropriate to generalise their language ability to all people with schizophrenia (must be some application here) Family, twin and adoption studies must be considered cautiously because they are retrospective, and diagnosis may be biased by knowledge that other family members who may have been diagnosed. including dysfunctional thought processing. Here are a series of suggested answers for the Schizophrenia topic questions in AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 (Section B) in June 2018. tutor2u's AQA Knowledge Books are designed to help students recap and revise the essential specification knowledge by providing retrieval activities and exam skills development - View resources New for 2023 | Online CPD Courses for AQA A-Level Psychology Teachers CPD (Online) Pathophysiology, evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction: review article Andrey Biff Sarris 1 , Maki Caroline Nakamura 1 Luiz Gustavo Rachid Fernandes 1 , However, group Bs scores suggest a positively skewed distribution as the mean (26) is higher than both the median (22.5) and the mode (16). a) Explain why a Mann-Whitney test is an appropriate choice of statistical test in this situation and a Spearman's test is not. Clozapine, Olazapine and Risperidone. Holistic Identifies that patients have different triggers, genes etc. Visual - Evaluation of the icd and dsm as tools to diagnose schizophrenia. [8 marks] The fact that jack could never talk to his mum shows a symptom of schizophrenia, that fact that he displays lack of speech. Severe side effects Long term use can result in tardive dyskinesia which manifests as involuntary facial movements such as blinking and lip smacking While they may be effective, the severity of the side effects mean the costs outweigh the benefits therefore they are not an appropriate treatment. This is mainly aimed at lowering expressed emotion. Faris and Dunham (1939) found clear pattern of correlation between inner city environments and levels of psychosis. Social dysfunction and skills in preview & related info | Mendeley In a follow up study they rejected genuine patients whom they assumed were part of the deception. Voices are usually heard coming from outside the persons head giving instructions on how to behave. There are two types of twins identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic). Clozapine targets multiple neurotransmitters, not just dopamine, and has been shown to be more effective than other antipsychotics, although the possibility of severe side effects in particular, loss of the white blood cells that fight infection. This means that the brains of schizophrenics are lighter than normal. Social behavior depends, in part, on using other peoples actions as clues for understanding what they might be thinking. They are effectively discriminated against (in this case, denied rewards) for being more severely ill. In order to diagnose Schizophrenia the Mental Health Profession developed the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) still used today as a method of classifying mental disorders (particularly in the USA). Newer drugs, called atypical antipsychotics attempt to target D2 dopamine activity in the limbic system but not D3 receptors in other parts of the brain. an excess or distortion of normal functions: including hallucinations and They may or may not treat the illness as well as clozapine, however. However, Thornley et al carried out a meta-analysis comparing the effects of Chlorpromazine to placebo conditions and found Chlorpromazine to be associated with better overall functioning Drug therapy is an effective treatment for SZ. The diathesis-stress model states that both a vulnerability to SZ and a stress trigger are necessary to develop the condition. Economic Benefits: Family therapy is highly cost effective because it reduces relapse rates, so the patients are less likely to take up hospital beds and resources. Evaluation of family therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia - Stuvia Adults with an insecure attachement to their primary carere are also more likely to have schizophrenia (Berry et al 2008). To form identical twins, one fertilised egg (ovum) splits and develops two babies with exactly the same genetic information. Tarrier (1987) used detailed interview techniques, and found that people with schizophrenia can often identify triggers to the onset of their psychotic symptoms, and then develop their own methods of coping with the distress caused. The patients with the most severe symptoms are unable to access the tokens, as they are unable to perform the desirable behaviours. There are serious ethical concerns in blaming the family, particularly as there is little evidence upon which to base this. All patients are in danger of relapsing but without medication the relapses are more common and more severe which suggests the drugs are effective. In other words the illness only manifesters itself under appropriate environmental conditions, genetics was not enough on its own. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. delusions. This makes it more difficult to confidently diagnose schizophrenia. ABC: Get the patients to understand what is really happening in their life: A: Antecedent what is triggering your problem ? It is more likely There is no such thing as a normal schizophrenic exhibiting the usual symptoms. There is a sizeable minority who do not respond to drug treatment. (2003) meta analysis found family interventions help the patient to understand their illness and to live with it, developing emotional strength and coping skills, thus reducing rates of relapse. They block dopamine receptors on post-synaptic neurons, meaning that less dopamine is transmitted across the synapse. For example Hogarty (1991) produced a type of therapy session, which reduced social conflicts between parents and their children which reduced EE and thus relapse rates. The idea of pleasing her, shows that he does want to make . Comorbidity is when the same person has two or more disorders at the same time. Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. Education and rapport training: therapist and client work together to improve the effectiveness of the clients own coping strategies and develop new ones. Drug therapy is a biological treatment for schizophrenia. [4 marks], a) this study is about differences between two conditions/groups so the Mann-Whitney is appropriate it is not about correlation/relationship between two variables so Spearman's is not appropriate. Therefore it appears that several neurotransmitters may be involved in the development of schizophrenia, meaning the dopamine hypothesis is too simplistic. People with schizophrenia often suffer terrifying symptoms such as hearing internal voices not heard by others, or believing that other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. Predictive validity. One of the most important cognitive theories of schizophrenia is attention deficit theory. Schizophrenia is a multi-factorial trait as it is the result of multiple genes and environmental factors. Gender bias: Loring and Powell (1988) found that some behavior which was regarded as psychotic in males was not regarded as psychotic in females. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. This suggests that there may be problems of demand characteristics. Patients went from performing 5 chores a day to around 40. Family Dysfunction refers to any forms of abnormal processes within a family such as conflict, communication problems, cold parenting, criticism, control and high levels of expressed emotions. The understanding and treatment of schizophrenia have been greatly hampered by uncertainty about etiological factors and controversy about diagnostic boundaries. Explanations of Attachment: Learning Theory, Research Methods: Scientific Method & Techniques, The Ethological Explanation of Aggression, Psychological Explanations of Offending Behaviour, Dealing with Offending Behaviour: Custodial Sentencing. Schizophrenia Revisions Notes - Simply Psychology (1988) has found a gene located on chromosome 5 which has been linked in a small number of extended families where they have the disorder. However, biological factors must have had a role to play as none of the adoptees with no family history of schizophrenia from disturbed families developed schizophrenia, Boston House, There are also delusions of being paranoid, worrying that people are out to get them. However, the concordance rate for MZ twins is not 100% which suggests that other factors must also be involved. In other words, it doesnt cure schizophrenia, it just helps people get over it. In CBT, schizophrenia patients are encouraged to trace back the origins of their symptoms in order to get a better idea of how the symptoms might have developed. Turkington et al. Credit should be awarded for one type in some detail or for two (or more) done briefly. Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol. Hickling (1999) the stress of urban living made African-Carribean immigrants in Britain 8 to 10 times more likely to experience schizophrenia. . As this is not the case family dysfunctions cannot be the sole cause ofthe illness. A co-operative, trusting relationship with the family is established, Therapist provides information about schizophrenia, Family members contribute, all contributions valued, Family is provided with practical coping skills to help deal with the disorder (to anticipate and solve problems), More constructive ways of interaction and communication encouraged (to avoid expressed emotion), Training to detect any signs of relapse in the patient. Research by Miyakawa et al. The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. They also have some effect on other neurotransmitters such as serotonin . West Yorkshire, The Diathesis Stress model of schizophrenia is part of the interactionist approach that see's schizophrenia developing due to an interaction between the biological (diathesis) and the environmental (stress) influences. holes) in the brain that supply nutrients and remove waste. Evidence suggests that the closer the biological relationship, the greater the risk of developing schizophrenia. Pharoah et al (2010) suggest that the following techniques, in which all of the family are involved, are used: This is a behavioural treatment for schizophrenia, based on operant conditioning (learning through reinforcement). [2 marks], Evaluate psychological explanations of schizophrenia [16 marks] and more. A second weakness is the problem of nature-v-Nurture. Classification is the process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers. The researchers used an inferential statistical test to see if there was a significant difference in language rating between the two groups. Positive symptoms are an excess or distortion of normal functions, for example hallucinations, delusions and thought disturbances such as thought insertion. 3x sold. They involve modifying/interfering with the action of neurotransmitters, in order to increase (agonists) or decrease (antagonists) their activity. [6 marks], ethical problems - parents feel responsible for their child's illness causing even greater stress and anxiety. However, one explanation for this is mutation in parental DNA. They arrest dopamine production by blocking the D2 receptors in synapses that absorb dopamine, in the mesolimbic pathway thus reducing positive symptoms, such as auditory hallucinations. Chronic environmental stress, for example having a schizophrenogenic mother, results in the onset of schizophrenia. Ventricles are fluid filled cavities (i.e. The family dysfunction explanation is an explanation that sees maladaptive relationships and patterns of communication as a source of stress which influences the development of schizophrenia She has been taking a typical antipsychotic drug and there have been improvements in her positive symptoms. There is evidence that people diagnosed as schizophrenic have difficulties in processing various types of information, for example visual and auditory information. Assessment: The therapist encourages the patient to explain their concerns. This suggests that understanding the effects of cognitive deficits allows psychologists to create new initiatives for schizophrenics and improve the quality of their lives. Comorbidities were also found with epilepsy being the . Where two conditions are frequently diagnosed together it calls into question the . CBT may involve challenging the validity of beliefs, which may interfere with freedom of thought. In the USA only 20% of psychiatric patients were classed as having schizophrenia in the 1930s but this rose to 80% in the 1950s . AQA maintains that 16-mark questions, or indeed, extended writing questions of other tariffs, could be asked on any part of any topic. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Antipsychotic medication will often be used alongside CBT, acknowledging the role that biological and psychological factors play in the disorder. In a token economy, tokens are given to reward people in psychiatric institutions for performing socially desirable behaviours, the aim being to encourage self-care. CBT does seem to reduce relapses and readmissions to hospital (NICE 2014). They are a form of behavioral therapy where desirable behaviors are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement and is based on operant conditioning. Without this knowledge a person displaying overt emotional behavior in a Western culture might be regarded as abnormal. Families can help minimize the damage to self of the schizophrenic that this entails. One weakness of the cognitive explanation is that there are problems with cause and effect. If the distress caused to the child is severe and long-lasting, he/she may . They did not believe that schizophrenia was a disease. Helping the patient to find logical reasons for the things which trouble them This causes the neurons that use dopamine to fire too often and transmit too many messages. Toyokawa, Et. The basic assumption of CBT is that people often have distorted beliefs which influence their behaviour in maladaptive ways. This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia but it can make patients better able to cope with them. These symptoms may leave them fearful and withdrawn. The therapist needs to accept that the illusions may seem real to the patient at the time and should be dealt with accordingly. The NICE review of family therapy studies demonstrated that it was associated with significant cost savings when offered to patients alongside the standard care Relapse rates are also lower which suggests the savings could be even higher. Schizophrenia Dysfunctional Family Dysfunctional Family Dysfunctional Family Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change They cannot express their feelings about the unfairness of the situation. Family therapy is based on the premise that nurture (upbringing) is a significant factor in schizophrenia. The researchers found that the males had a genetic condition which became later known as "Brunner syndrome" (it is important to note that females only carry this condition, as it only affects the MAOA production gene on the single X chromosome in males). Further support comes from the fact that dopamine agonists (e.g. Families taught to have weekly family meetings solving problems on family and individual goals, resolve conflict between members, and pinpoint stressors. Family dysfunction - the double-bind theory Bateson et al. The biological basis for schizophrenia is therefore not addressed at all in the therapy, limiting its use. This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for the idea of contradictory messages causing schizophrenia. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Refer to one or more types of family dysfunction in your answer. Heather (1976) there is only a 50% chance of predicting what treatment a patient will receive based on diagnosis, suggesting that diagnosis is not valid. Clozapine acts in a similar way to Chlorpromazine, but also acts on serotonin and glutamate receptors. The original dopamine hypothesis stated that schizophrenia suffered from an excessive amount of dopamine. Schizophrenia: Genetics - A Level Psychology AQA Revision - Study Rocket Adoption studies of schizophrenia - PubMed Schizophrenogenic mother: Proposed by Fromm-Reichmann (1948), who noted that many of her patients with schizophrenia described a particular type of parent, which she termed 'schizophrenogenic'. One of the biggest criticisms of the dopamine hypothesis came when Farde et al found no difference between schizophrenics levels of dopamine compared with healthy individuals in 1990. Psychology Schizophrenia Family Dysfunction - Advantages and It is therefore prescribed when the patient is at risk of suicide. McMonagle and Sultana (2009) found in a meta-analysis of 110 studies, that only 3 had used random allocation (where a true comparison was available with an experimental and control group). If there is more than one individual in the scenario you must mention all of the characters to get to the top band. The researchers concluded that this is more important in maintaining schizophrenia than in causing it in the first place, (Brown et al 1958). For example, major depression and schizophrenia both involve very low levels of motivation. High dopamine activity leads to acute episodes, and positive symptoms which include: delusions, hallucinations, confused thinking. It is also important to note that two-thirds of people with schizophrenia have no relative with a similar diagnosis and therefore have no one to inherit it from. Pills are not as helpful with other symptoms, especially emotional problems. THE DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY - Institute Of Counseling A strength is that the research into enlarged ventricles and neurotransmitter levels have high reliability. To improve how the family communicated and handled the situation. But if they have a supportive environment and/or good coping skills the illness may not develop. A second strength of the research into expressed emotion (EE) is that it has practical applications. A quarter of people with schizophrenia (Total 4 marks) 11 Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia. disputing techniques. In more extreme cases the patient might be unable to cope with the pressures of having to discuss their ideas and feelings and could become stressed by the therapy, or over-fixated with the details of their illness. b) Explain one reason why there might be a problem of bias and generalisation in this study. Effectively means that it needs to be clearly linked and explained in the context of the answer. The harmful effects on the child may go completely unacknowledged or be minimized. In order to explain schizophrenia effectively it would be better to take an interactionist approach, such as the diathesis stress model. Background: Social dysfunction is an important outcome for schizophrenia and can be measured by the evaluation of social skills. First, cognitive deficits which are impairments in thought processes such as perception, memory and attention. (1991) found a relapse rate of almost 40% when patients had drugs only, compared to only 20 % when Family Therapy or Social Skills training were used and the relapse rate was less than 5% when both were used together with the medication. It is one of the chemicals in the brain which causes neurons to fire. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found . Falloon et al (1996) stress such as divorce or bereavement, causes the brain to be flooded with neurotransmitters which brings on the acute episode. The commonest diagnosis was schizophrenia (n = 23, 57.5%) followed by epileptic psychosis (n = 4, 10.0%) and general psychosis (n = 4, 10.0%) with one of psychotic depression and one psychosis secondary to general medical condition. Gottesman reports that while the rate of schizophrenia in the general population is 1%, if one parent has schizophrenia there is a 12% likelihood their child will develop it and if both parents have schizophrenia, it increases to 40%. Interactionist Approach: Definition, Evaluation & Example - StudySmarter US Imagined stimuli could involve any of the senses. Family Therapy aims to reduce levels of expressed emotion, and reduced the likelihood of relapse. Outline and evaluate the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia Response. Adverse drug reactions experienced by out-patients taking Schizophrenia and Dopamine: Links and Connections - Healthline Token economies are only likely to work in a clinical setting, where patients can be constantly monitored and the system of rewards is closely controlled. This supports a genetic link. This suggests that the cognitive approach is oversimplistic when consider the explanation of schizophrenia. As there is strong evidence that relapse is related to stress and expressed emotion within the family, it seems likely that CBT should be employed alongside family therapy in order to reduce the pressures on the individual patient.

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