Additionally, both the nitrate ion and the sulfite ion contain three oxygens, but these polyatomic ions do not share a common suffix. Now, what is the formula going to be, and remember, the key here Which compounds would you predict to be ionic? We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Polyatomic ions have characteristic formulas, names, and charges that should be memorized. Which of these are considered the most important two factors affects the lattice energy of ionic compounds? Result = K+ Step #2 - Write down the symbol and charge of the second word. Ask an American Elements Materials Science Engineer, Publish your research on the American Elements website, Case Studies of selected key technologies invented or co-invented by American Elements in just the 1st two decades of this century, (5N) 99.999% Cesium Phosphide Sputtering Target. Is this right? The formula for nitrate must be enclosed in parentheses. All right, so the View the history of American Elements on Wikipedia, Additive Manufacturing & 3D Printing Materials, Thin Film Deposition & Evaporation Materials, Explore Life Science & Organic Chemistry Products, Discover New Opportunities at Ultra High Purity, Question? Im going back in a minute I need a little more help I have a lot to get to get to work but Im not sure what to say to. Thus Ca has a charge of +2 and Br has a charge of -1. Why Walden's rule not applicable to small size cations. Thus, we write \(\ce{Ca(NO3)2}\) as the formula for this ionic compound. If the metal can form ions with different charges, a Roman numeral in parentheses follows the name of the metal to specify its charge. Name the following ionic compounds, which contain a metal that can have more than one ionic charge: The anions in these compounds have a fixed negative charge (S2, Se2 , N3, Cl, and \(\ce{SO4^2-}\)), and the compounds must be neutral. The cesium atom has a radius of 265 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 343 pm. 2 comments. inspired, pause the video and see if you can come Cesium phosphate | Cs3PO4 or Cs3O4P | CID 9827043 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological . Cesium (or Caesium) (atomic symbol: Ce, atomic number: 55) is a Block S, Group 1, Period 6 element with an atomic weight of 132.9054519. with the bromide anion. Direct link to Ryan W's post You would need to know wh, Posted 5 years ago. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Safety Data Sheet (SDS). These two compounds are then unambiguously named iron(II) chloride and iron(III) chloride, respectively. what is the suffix of the oxyanion? Proper chemical formulas for ionic compounds balance the total positive charge with the total negative charge. 4. 4.3: Covalent Compounds - Formulas and Names - Chemistry LibreTexts Thus, the formula for this ionic compound is . Compound forms of phosphorus include phosphates and phosphides. Sodium sulfide, another ionic compound, has the formula \(\ce{Na_2S}\). would ionize as a cation. Cesium Phosphide | AMERICAN ELEMENTS An ionic compound has the formula X2O. (f) Graph Its still not clear how there are 2 bromides in the end. Acids are an important class of compounds containing hydrogen and having special nomenclature rules. If we look at the ionic compound consisting of lithium ions and bromide ions, we see that the lithium ion has a 1+ charge and the bromide ion has a 1 charge. If the compound is molecular, does it contain hydrogen? Use the crisscross method to check your work.Notes:- Dont write the subscript '1'.- If you use the criss-cross method and end up with something like Ca2S2 you'll need to reduce the subscripts to Ca1S1 which we write as CaS.---Formula Writing Resources---Finding Ionic Charge: https://youtu.be/N4N1Njh7nCoMemorizing Polyatomic Ions: https://youtu.be/vepxhM_bZqkCriss-Cross Method: https://youtu.be/VnzIqpdEimsFor a complete tutorial on naming and formula writing for compounds, like Cesium phosphide and more, visit:http://www.breslyn.org/chemistry/namingDrawing/writing done in InkScape (http://www.InkScape.org). titanium (III) sulfate Exercise Write the formulas of the following ionic compounds: (a) chromium (III) phosphide (b) mercury (II) sulfide (c) manganese (II) phosphate (d) copper (I) oxide (e) chromium (VI) fluoride Answer (a) CrP; (b) HgS; (c) Mn 3 (PO 4) 2; (d) Cu 2 O; (e) CrF 6 Summary Chemists use nomenclature rules to clearly name compounds. Direct link to RogerP's post The overall structure nee, Posted 6 years ago. Screen capture done with Camtasia Studio 8.0 If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. The rule for constructing formulas for ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions is the same as for formulas containing monatomic (single-atom) ions: the positive and negative charges must balance. Did Billy Graham speak to Marilyn Monroe about Jesus? Tools. It's gonna wanna gain an electron, that's what the elements What is the formula for cesium phosphide? - Answers As has been repeatedly emphasized in several sections of this text, no two chemical formulas should share a common chemical name. Did Billy Graham speak to Marilyn Monroe about Jesus? [4], Calcium phosphide is a common impurity in calcium carbide, which may cause the resulting phosphine-contaminated acetylene to ignite spontaneously.[5]. Look at the label or ingredients list on the various products that you use during the next few days, and see if you run into any of those in this table, or find other ionic compounds that you could now name or write as a formula. The amount of hydrogen phosphate ions\(\ce{HPO4^{2}}\) and \(\ce{H2PO4^{}}\)in seawater is very low, but they are present in higher amounts in blood, where they also affect acid-base properties. Leave out all charges and all subscripts that are 1. 4.3: Formulas for Ionic Compounds - Chemistry LibreTexts Copy this to my account; E-mail to a friend . Cesium (or Caesium) (atomic symbol: Ce, atomic number: 55) is a Block S, Group 1, Period 6 element with an atomic weight of 132.9054519. (a) rubidium iodide (b) cesium phosphide (c) lithium sulfate (d) silver carbonate (e) zinc phosphate (f) aluminum nitrate. In this video, we'll walk through this process for the ionic compound calcium bromide. Remember that in an ionic compound, the component species are ions, not neutral atoms, even though the formula does not contain charges. Binary ionic compounds typically consist of a metal and a nonmetal. Why did he not put a parenthesis? Other, more exotic calcium phosphides have the formula CaP, CaP3, Ca2P2, and Ca5P8. The rule for constructing formulas for ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions is the same as for formulas containing monatomic (single-atom) ions: the positive and negative charges must balance. Thus, FeCl2 is iron(II) chloride and FeCl3 is iron(III) chloride. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. And how did we know that we have two bromides for every calcium? Write it above each element. ZnCO3, what is the correct name for this compound? Registered Trademark. in a _______ bond, the electrons are shared above or below the atoms bonded, located in electron orbitals that are parallel to one another, perpendicular (i) in direction to the axis of the molecule itself. It is one of three metals that occur as a liquid at room temperature, the others being mercury and gallium. Write the chemical formula for an ionic compound composed of each pair of ions. Ionic compounds exist as alternating positive and negative ions in regular, three-dimensional arrays called crystals (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). a. The name of an oxyacid has the suffix -ic acid. Legal. Since the overall charge is 0, the positive and negative charges from the irons and oxygens have to sum up to 0. Which compounds would you predict to be ionic? Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, "CALCIUM PHOSPHIDE | CAMEO Chemicals | NOAA", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_phosphide&oldid=1123341301, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, red-brown crystalline powder or grey lumps, This page was last edited on 23 November 2022, at 06:31. For example, the nitrate ion, which is symbolized as NO31, has one more oxygen than the nitrite ion, which is symbolized as NO21. This is a clue that the other part of the formula, \(\ce{Ba}\), is actually the \(\ce{Ba^{2+}}\) ion, with the 2+ charge balancing the overall 2 charge from the two nitrate ions. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Quia - More Binary Ionic Compounds Calcium phosphide is also used in fireworks, torpedoes, self-igniting naval pyrotechnic flares, and various water-activated ammunition. Cesium Nitride: Cs3N: Cesium Phosphide: Cs3P: Hydrogen . A high temperature phase has been characterized by Rietveld refinement. If the compound is ionic, does the metal form ions of only one type (fixed charge) or more than one type (variable charge)? (Recall the polyatomic ions in Table 11.6.) This formula merely indicates that sodium chloride is made of an equal number of sodium and chloride ions. Use the method of half reactions to balance the following equations: Cu2+(aq)+S2O32(aq)Cu+(aq)+S4O62(aq)\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}(a q)+\mathrm{S}_2 \mathrm{O}_3^{2-}(a q) \rightarrow \mathrm{Cu}^{+}(a q)+\mathrm{S}_4 \mathrm{O}_6^{2-}(a q) which is the correct formula for the compound phosphoric acid? And like always, if you are For each of the following compounds, state whether it is ionic or covalent. This is to show that the subscript applies to the entire polyatomic ion. Though this naming convention has been largely abandoned by the scientific community, it remains in use by some segments of industry. Unfortunately, much like the common system for naming transition metals, these suffixes only indicate the relative number of oxygens that are contained within the polyatomic ions. How many minutes does it take to drive 23 miles? Although it is convenient to think that \(\ce{NaCl}\) crystals are composed of individual \(\ce{NaCl}\) units, Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows that no single ion is exclusively associated with any other single ion. The simplest name, iron chloride, will, in this case, be ambiguous, as it does not distinguish between these two compounds. Well, because when calcium This formula merely indicates that sodium chloride is made of an equal number of sodium and chloride ions. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. For compounds in which the ratio of ions is not as obvious, the subscripts in the formula can be obtained by crossing charges: use the absolute value of the charge on one ion as the subscript for the other ion. This polyatomic ion contains one nitrogen and four hydrogens that collectively bear a +1 charge. 1. the ratio of each kind of ion in the compound. Are the ions monatomic or polyatomic? In the case of sodium chloride, the ratio of sodium ions to chloride ions, expressed in lowest whole numbers, is 1:1, so we use \(\ce{NaCl}\) (one \(\ce{Na}\) symbol and one \(\ce{Cl}\) symbol) to represent the compound. 1. A phosphide. Its trade name is Photophor for the . where do atoms with expanded octets occur? Of the options given, potassium and hydrogen have 1+ charges. In calcium chloride, there are two Cl- anions per Ca2+cation, so the empirical formula for calcium chlorideis CaCl2. Therefore, \(\ce{PCl3}\) is not ionic. In sodium chloride, there is one Na+ cation per each Cl-, so the formula unit for sodium chloride isis NaCl. We will need two nitrate ions to balance the charge on each calcium ion. Singly-resonant pulsed optical parametric oscillator based on orientation-patterned gallium phosphide. See more Cesium products. As you can see, there are no individual \(\ce{NaCl}\) particles in the array; instead, there is a continuous lattice of alternating sodium and chloride ions. The octet rule states that atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a complete set of eight valence electrons. How to Write the Formula for Cesium phosphide - YouTube Identify each compound as ionic or not ionic. Chemical Formula for Calcium Nitrite 9.2K views How to Write the Formula for Lead (II). To balance the positive and negative charges, we look to the least common multiple6: two iron 3+ ions will give 6+, while three 2 oxygen ions will give 6, thereby balancing the overall positive and negative charges. (Remember that the convention for writing formulas for ionic compounds is not to include the ionic charge.) Phosphide is the name of the anion formed when phosphorus gains three electrons. ionizes, it is going to be, it is going to ionize as Ca2+. To name an inorganic compound, we need to consider the answers to several questions. It's going be to 1-. Iron can form two possible ions, but the ion with a 3+ charge is specified here. data-quail-id="56" data-mt-width="1071">. periodic table to confirm that it's likely that calcium This will give the ionic compound an overall charge which both the iron cation and paired anion have to have their charges sum up to. PubChem . Examples include SF6, sulfur hexafluoride, and N2O4, dinitrogen tetroxide. If it is ionic, write the symbols for the ions involved: (a) NF 3. [1], It may be formed by reaction of the elements,[2] but it is more commonly prepared by carbothermal reduction of calcium phosphate:[3], The structure of the room temperature form of Ca3P2 has not been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The charge of the calcium cation is going to cancel out Solved Write the formula for the ionic compound formed from - Chegg 2. Parentheses are generally only used for complex ions. Formula: P3- What is the formula for nickel 3 phosphide? The formula of the carbonate ion is CO 32. the 3D patter of particle arrangement in an ionic compound is called its_____, which of the following is the correct ionic charge for phosphorous (P) in ionic compounds, what is the correct formula for the ionic compound: sodium selenide, what is the correct formula for the ionic compound: Lithium chloride, what is the correct formula for the ionic compound: beryllium sulfide, which of the following is the correct ionic charge for fluorine(F) in ionic compounds. The chemical formula of nickel phosphide is Ni2P. \(\ce{Al^{3+}} \: \: \: \: \: \ce{N^{3-}}\). Table \(\PageIndex{2}\) lists the ion names and ion formulas of the most common polyatomic ions. small ions tend to have high lattice energies, reactions that give off energy are endothermic, and those that absorb energy are exothermic, which is the correct formula for the ionic compound: cesium phosphide, which of the following is the correct ionic charge for oxygen (O) in ionic compounds, which of the following is the correct ionic charge for potassium (K) in ionic compounds, which of the following is the correct ionic charge for magnesium (Mg) in ionic compounds. Write the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by each pair of ions. Cu2+(aq)+S2O32(aq)Cu+(aq)+S4O62(aq). A B; Lithium Nitrite: LiNO 2: Lithium Nitrate: LiNO 3: Lithium Hydrogen Sulfate: LiHSO 4: Lithium Hydroxide: LiOH: . Predict the formula for each ionic compound. losing two electrons and that's because they have two electrons in their outermost shell and An ionic formula, like NaCl, is an empirical formula. Leave out all subscripts that are 1. Predict the formula for each ionic compound. they occupy more space and squeeze the hydrogen atoms closer together. The charge of the metal ion is determined from the formula of the compound and the charge of the anion. A mixture of food and calcium phosphide is left where the rodents can eat it. Novel tungsten phosphide embedded nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes: A portable and renewable monitoring platform for anticancer drug in whole blood. For each pair of elements, determine the charge for their ions and write the proper formula for the resulting ionic compound between them. the sp 3 hybrid orbital in CH4, has what shape? Note that all of the polyatomic ions whose names end in "-ate" contain one more oxygen than those polyatomic anions whose names end in "-ite." The name of a binary compound containing monatomic ions consists of the name of the cation (the name of the metal) followed by the name of the anion (the name of the nonmetallic element with its ending replaced by the suffix ide). 4. Write the symbol and charge of the cation (metal) first and the anion (nonmetal) second. in its outermost shell. Some examples are given in Table \(\PageIndex{2}\). Potassoum Phosphide: K3P: Cesium Nitride: Cs3N: Cesium Phosphide: Cs3P: Hydrogen Acetate: HC2H3O2: Lithium Acetate: LiC2H3O2: Lithium Hydrogen Carbonate: LiHCO3 . By convention, the lowest whole number ratio is used in the formulas of ionic compounds. Quia - Ionic Compounds, Naming and Formula Writing The acid in the digestive system of the rodent reacts with the phosphide to generate the toxic gas phosphine. This means that each cation should have a 1+ charge. For help finding charge, watch: https://youtu.be/N4N1Njh7nCo .3. Write the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by each pair of ions. Please join us and our customers and co-sponsors. Quia - Ionic Compounds - Names and Formulas Rather, it exists as two individual chloride ions.) Thus, this compound is also ionic. Each ion is surrounded by ions of opposite charge. (Remember that the convention for writing formulas for ionic compounds is not to include the ionic charge.) A binary ionic compound is a compound composed of a monatomic metal cation and a monatomic nonmetal anion. Cr(PO3)2, write the correct formula unit for the ionic compound chromium (iv) oxide, write the correct formula unit for the ionic compound copper(i) chloride, write the correct formula unit for the ionic compound iron (ii) phosphate, What is the correct name for this compound? 6. Na Compounds between metal and nonmetal elements are usually ionic. Cesium is a member of the alkali group of metals. In its elemental form, cesium has a silvery gold appearance. The number of electrons in each of Cesium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1 and its electron configuration is [Xe]6s 1. Which is the correct formula for the compound Manganese (II) Fluoride? Several examples are found in Table 3.3.1. All rights reserved. Identify the element, X. Potassium can be the cation in the ionic compound X2O. This formula indicates that this compound is made up of twice as many sodium ions as sulfide ions. However, only two of these, the hydroxide ion and the cyanide ion, are named using the "-ide" suffix that is typically indicative of negatively-charged particles. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes, and 36,000 lb. Cesium Phosphide Cs3P Molar Mass, Molecular Weight. However, the sulfate ion is symbolized as SO42. To better understand what a chemical formula means, we must consider how an ionic compound is constructed from its ions. what is the correct name for the polyatomic ion IO3- and its conjugate acid HIO3? Formulas for ionic compounds contain the symbols and number of each atom present in a compound in the lowest whole number ratio. To obtain a valence shell octet, sodium forms an ion with a 1+ charge, while the sulfur ion has a 2 charge. Cesium Phosphide Cs3P Molecular Weight -- EndMemo known as alkaline earth metals, they tend to ionize by Use a multiplier to make the total charge of the cations and anions equal to each other. [greater than 3 out of a maximum value of 4]. While both the nitrate ion and the sulfate ion share an "-ate" suffix, the former contains three oxygens, but the latter contains four. Some ions consist of groups of atoms bonded together and have an overall electric charge. First, the cation is written before the anion. (,) = 7/16 (5cos3 3cos), Y 3,1 (,)= 21/64 sin(5cos2 1)ei , in terms of the Cartesian coordinates x, y, z x,y,z. The number of electrons in each of Cesium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1 and its electron configuration is [Xe]6s 1. This section will teach you how to find the correct ratio of ions, so that you can write a correct formula. elements that gain electrons to become an ion, the reason that elements lose or gain certain numbers of electrons, the name given to particles with a positive charge, the name given to particles with a negative charge, elements required to form an ionic compound, elements that lose electrons to become an ion. Chapter 7 & 8 Chemistry Test Multiple Choice, Bruce Edward Bursten, Catherine J. Murphy, H. Eugene Lemay, Matthew E. Stoltzfus, Patrick Woodward, Theodore E. Brown. Write the symbol and charge of the cation followed by the symbol and charge of the anion. Some of these compounds, where they are found, and what they are used for are listed in Table. Other examples are provided in Table \(\PageIndex{3}\). Using the periodic table, predict whether the following chlorides are ionic or covalent: SiCl 4, PCl 3, CaCl 2, CsCl, CuCl 2, and CrCl 3. (b) BaO. Using the absolute values of the charges on the ions as subscripts gives the formula Pb2O4. We do not use 1 as a subscript. Lesson 7: Valence electrons and ionic compounds. Find the closed-loop gain at 1\omega_{1}1 relative to the low-frequency gain when the phase margin is 30,60,30^{\circ}, 60^{\circ},30,60, and 90.90^{\circ}.90. Worked example: Finding the formula of an ionic compound Examples are shown in Table \(\PageIndex{2}\). Only one ion of each is needed to balance these charges. \(\ce{Pb^{4+}} \: \: \: \: \: \ce{O^{2-}}\). Noble gases are generally non-reactive because they already have a complete valence shell. to cancel each other out. 12. The way I understand it right now is that "ide" is from when there is two of an anion, "ite" is for three of an anion, and "ate" is for four of an anion. Leave out all subscripts that are 1. If there is only 1 of the polyatomic ion, leave off parentheses. Ionic Compounds - Names and Formulas. Recognize polyatomic ions in chemical formulas. Naming monatomic ions and ionic compounds - Khan Academy Which is the correct formula for the compound dinitrogen monoxide? The oxygen atom has a 2 charge as an ion. convention is that we write the positive ion first and It is speculated that calcium phosphidemade by boiling bones in urine, within a closed vesselwas an ingredient of some ancient Greek fire formulas. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Which of the following is the correct ionic charge for sulfur (S) in ionic compounds? Write the chemical formula for an ionic compound composed of the potassium ion and the sulfate ion. Another notable difference is that blood does not have significant amounts of the sulfate ion (\(\ce{SO4^{2}}\)), but this ion is present in seawater. give the binary molecular name for water (H20). cesium phosphide. Direct link to Richard's post Usually how it works is t. (In fact, it is ionic.) Select the answer below that indicates the number of each ion in the formula you wrote. how do make formulas with elements with multiple oxidation states like FE. Direct link to Andrea Balingit's post Why did he not put a pare, Posted 6 years ago. This method of vermin control has possible use in places where rodents immune to many of the common warfarin-type (anticoagulant) poisons have appeared. 11. is for an ionic compound, especially one that Write the final formula. covalent bonds are different from ionic bonds because: atoms in a covalent bond share electrons with another atom. Write the formulas for aluminum nitride and lithium oxide. The formula contains a positive charge of 2 (+3) = +6 and a negative charge of 3 (-2) = -6, for a net charge of 0. Sodium sulfide, another ionic compound, has the formula Na 2 S. This formula indicates that this compound is made up of twice as many sodium ions as sulfide ions. Write the correct formula unit for the ionic compound chromium (iv) oxide. Solved . Predict the formula for each ionic compound. - Chegg Na+ ionic compounds formed from_______ elements are called binary, while ionic compounds formed from three elements are called________. Can you please explain? Oxyacids are named by changing the ending of the anion to ic, and adding acid; H2CO3 is carbonic acid. Two examples are shown below: There are two ways to recognize ionic compounds. The chemical formula of nickel phosphide is Ni2P. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound made up of sodium ions and chloride ions in a crystal lattice. Textbook content produced by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. To write the formula for Cesium phosphide well use the Periodic Table and follow some simple rules.Keys for Writing Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds:1. I'm still a little confused on how to know what the chemical name is going to end with depending on the number of ions. See if the charges are balanced (if they are you're done!)4. three cesium ions and one phosphide ion one cesium ion and three phosphide ions three cesium ions and three phosphide ions one cesium ion and one phosphide ion Groups of atoms with an overall charge, called polyatomic ions, also exist. The metal cation is named first, followed by the nonmetal anion as illustrated in Figure 4.5.1 for the compound BaCl 2. Do Eric benet and Lisa bonet have a child together? Other pesticides similar to calcium phosphide are zinc phosphide and aluminium phosphide. Second, if you recognize the formula of a polyatomic ion in a compound, the compound is ionic. Because Cesium carbonate has a polyatomic ion (the group of non-metals after the metal) we'll need to use a table of names for common polyatomic ions, in addition to the Periodic Table. so that's a pretty good clue that calcium is going Additionally, these suffixes also indicate the relative number of oxygens that are contained within the polyatomic ions. National Library of Medicine. The Lewis structures, names and formulas of some polyatomic ions are found in Table 3.3.1. Signs of the charges are dropped. -ide is just the negative anion of that element, chloride, sulfide, nitride. An oxyacid is composed of a hydrogen atom bonded to a polyatomic anion. They consist of atoms of only two elements. Honey, amla, gums, resins, tubers and tamarind; all these and more (A) ______(come) from forests and (B) _____ find their way into our lives. This formula indicates that this compound is made up of twice as many sodium ions as sulfide ions. Direct link to Matt Broadley's post What is the rule for an i, Posted 6 years ago. Cerium phosphide | CeP | CID 91372 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more. Chemists use nomenclature rules to clearly name compounds. Thus, the formula for this ionic compound is \(\ce{Fe2O3}\). Direct link to Jean Helen's post Its still not clear how t, Posted 5 years ago. like to gain an electron to have eight electrons Now consider the ionic compound formed by magnesium and chlorine. what is it called when one or more correct lewis structures can be drawn for a molecule? Paul Flowers (University of North Carolina - Pembroke),Klaus Theopold (University of Delaware) andRichard Langley (Stephen F. Austin State University) with contributing authors.

Russell Family Acupuncture, Arabic Honorific Titles, Solgw Exo2 Rail, Articles C